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[hal-05042678] Invasion et expansion d'insectes bioagresseurs forestiers. Quels risques pour la forêt française dans le contexte des changements globaux ?
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Robinet) 22 Apr 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05042678v1
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[hal-05042697] Seven mitochondrial genomes of tribe Hylurgini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Eurasia and their phylogenetic analysis
The Hylurgini tribe (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) comprises commercially significant bark beetles, including invasive species within the genera Dendroctonus and Hylurgus . These invasive species coexist with native Tomicus species of Hylurgini and cooperatively infest host trees in China. However, we lack sufficient mitochondrial genome data of Hylurgini to conduct phylogenetic studies, clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the above species, and improve the understanding of niche divergence and common hazards. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the mitochondrial genomes of seven Hylurgini species, including Dendroctonus valens , Hylurgus ligniperda , Hylurgus micklitzi , Tomicus piniperda , Tomicus brevipilosus , Tomicus minor and Tomicus yunnanensis . All sequenced mitochondrial genomes ranged from 15,339 bp to 17,545 bp in length, and their AT contents ranged from 73.24% to 78.81%. The structure of the seven mitochondrial genomes was consistent with that of ancestral insects. Based on 13 protein-coding genes from the reported mitochondrial genomes of 29 species of bark beetles, we constructed phylogenetic trees using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The topology of the two phylogenetic trees was almost consistent. The findings elucidated the taxonomy classification of Hylurgini and the evolutionary connections of its sister taxa within the Scolytinae. This study offers insights for examining the evolutionary connections between invasive and native bark beetles, as well as the molecular identification and detection of newly invading species.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Na An) 22 Apr 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05042697v1
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[hal-01255878] Comparative salinity tolerance in native flies from the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands: a metabolomic approach
The quasi-extirpation of the cabbage Pringlea antiscorbutica in some locations at the Kerguelen Islands has large impacts on the distribution of the native fly Calycopteryx moseleyi. This insect has long been supposed as being subordinant to P. antiscorbutica until both larvae and adults were observed under seaweed in littoral margins. Physiological plasticity to saline conditions is expected in C. moseleyi, and metabolic rearrangements in salt-exposed specimens should thus be similar between individuals from cabbages and seaweeds. Individuals of C. moseleyi from non-saline (cabbages) and saline (seaweeds) habitats were experimentally subjected to different salinities (0, 35, 70 practical salinity units) and compared to the widely distributed native Anatalanta aptera flies that coexist with C. moseleyi under the seaweeds. A progressive drop of the survival and body water content was observed in C. moseleyi from cabbages exposed to increasing saline conditions. Body water contents remained similar at 35 and 70 practical salinity units in C. moseleyi from seaweeds, while it did not change over the whole saline gradient in A. aptera. Metabolic profiles revealed that both fly populations from the seaweeds accumulated compatible solutes in the form of alanine or glutamic acid when they were exposed to salinity. A distinct pattern was observed in C. moseleyi specimens from cabbages, whose metabolic profiles revealed a progressive loss of metabolic homoeostasis. We conclude that the C. moseleyi specimens from the cabbages and seaweeds differentiated, as also supported by their contrasted morphotypes, and that the limited salinity tolerance of individuals from cabbages may hinder their future expansion to seaweeds
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (D Renault) 14 Jan 2016
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01255878v1
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[hal-02487614] Effet bénéfique des régimes thermiques fluctuants sur la survie au froid des insectes : exploration des mécanismes sous-jacents
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hervé Colinet) 21 Feb 2020
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-02487614v1
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[hal-01696977] Environmental Adaptations, Ecological Filtering, and Dispersal Central to Insect Invasions
Insect invasions, the establishment and spread of nonnative insects in new regions, can have extensive economic and environmental consequences. Increased global connectivity accelerates rates of introductions, while climate change may decrease the barriers to invader species' spread. We follow an individual-level insect- and arachnid-centered perspective to assess how the process of invasion is influenced by phenotypic heterogeneity associated with dispersal and stress resistance, and their coupling, across the multiple steps of the invasion process. We also provide an overview and synthesis on the importance of environmental filters during the entire invasion process for the facilitation or inhibition of invasive insect population spread. Finally, we highlight important research gaps and the relevance and applicability of ongoing natural range expansions in the context of climate change to gain essential mechanistic insights into insect invasions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (D Renault) 30 Jan 2018
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01696977v1
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[hal-01603661] Thermal variability and insects ecology : effects of fluctuating thermal regimes on Drosophila melanogaste
Thermal variability and insects ecology : effects of fluctuating thermal regimes on Drosophila melanogaste. 12. Meeting Ecology and Behaviour
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marion Javal) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01603661v1
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[hal-01255879] Physiological responses to temperature in Merizodus soledadinus (Col., Carabidae), a subpolar carabid beetle invading sub-Antarctic islands
Recent human activities and rising air temperature have increased the vulnerability of sub-Antarctic islands to alien species. At the Kerguelen Islands, the predaceous ground beetle Merizodus soledadinus is the only invasive insect originating from the southern cold temperate area (native from Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands). This austral origin raises the question of the limits of its physiological tolerance and capability to withstand (1) global change and (2) warmer climates of archipelagos where its accidental transportation could be facilitated from the Kerguelen Islands (namely Amsterdam and Saint Paul). Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry metabolomics, we compared metabotypes of adults exposed to different temperatures (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 °C). All individuals survived after 2 weeks regardless of the temperature they were exposed to. The physiological changes observed were consistent with increased metabolic rate at increased temperatures, without extreme metabotypes that are characteristic of acute stress. First cues of sublethal stress were observed after prolonged exposure to 20 °C, a warm regime unrealistic for such duration in sub-Antarctic Islands. Overall, M. soledadinus’ thermal tolerance exceeded temperatures currently experienced in nature, suggesting that climate warming may boost its invasion by eliciting its activity and broadening habitat suitability in both invaded and still pristine islands. This thermal tolerance may allow survival aboard ships and development in sub-Antarctic islands with conditions warmer than the Kerguelen Islands, such as Amsterdam and St Paul. Stringent biosecurity measures are thus needed to prevent transfer from Kerguelen to these islands. The native range of this predaceous beetle limited to the Falkland Islands and southernmost South America may be partly constrained by factors other than temperature, such as desiccation, predation or competition
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (M. Laparie) 14 Jan 2016
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01255879v1
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[hal-03643504] The importance of phenotypic heterogeneity in biological invasions
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mathieu Laparie) 15 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03643504v1
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[hal-01475827] Impact of fluctuating thermal regimes on Drosophila melanogaster survival to cold stress
Temperature directly affects survival, development and reproduction in insects and thereby it is a key environmental driver for geographic distribution and population dynamics. This study aims at testing the survival of Drosophila melanogaster under constant low temperatures (CLTs) (2, 3, 4, and 5°C) vs. fluctuating thermal regimes (FTRs). In the latter, the cold stress period was interrupted daily by 2 h pulses at 20°C. Since acclimation enhances cold tolerance, we tested whether benefits of acclimation can combine with those of FTRs. Since D. melanogaster overwinters as non-reproductive adults, we tested if actively reproducing adults are more susceptible to cold stress than virgin females thathave a much reduced reproductive activity. The results show that short interruptions of cold stress enhanced survival of adult flies. Survival was time- and temperature-dependent. Prior acclimation to low temperature allowed flies to better cope with cold stress under CLTs. On the other hand, acclimated flies did not profit from the benefits of FTRs and even showed lower survival under FTRs, probably because flies deacclimated during the periodic warm intervals. Gravid females were overall less cold tolerant than virgin females, and both survived better under FTRs. Cold survival at pupal stage was much lower than at adult stage, and no clear benefit of FTR was observed in this life stage. Our study highlights critical variables to take into account when designing experiments of prolonged exposure to low temperature in insects.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marion Javal) 24 Feb 2017
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01475827v1
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[hal-02489654] Metabolomic responses to thermal acclimation in a subpolar carabid beetle currently invading sub-Antarctic islands
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (David Renault) 24 Feb 2020
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-02489654v1
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[hal-01654276] New insights into the ecology of Merizodus soledadinus, a predatory carabid beetle invading the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands
Our knowledge of the main determinants of invasion success is still incomplete. Among these factors, the effects of biological traits, including fecundity, longevity and dispersal in newly colonised regions, are pivotal. However, while numerous studies have considered ecological and evolutionary impacts of non-native species, their biology often remains understudied. Despite the continuous geographic expansion of Merizodus soledadinus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) at the Kerguelen Islands over recent decades, the main life-history parameters of this species are unknown. We determined adult longevity under controlled conditions, monitored seasonal activity through pitfall trappings, and analysed temporal variations of egg load and body reserves in field-collected individuals. Themedian adult life span (LT50) was 241 days, with maximum longevity of 710 days (N = 500). Females carriedeggs throughout the year (8.94 ± 3.56 eggs per female), and it was not possible to pinpoint any clear egg-layingperiod. Year-round trappings demonstrated continuous activity of adults over seasons, with a peak during the austral summer that may arguably be associated with higher temperatures. Body stores (glycogen and proteins) did not vary significantly through the year, suggesting that adults feed continuously despite different prey availability between summer and winter, possibly via diet shifts. The amount of triglycerides increased at onset of summer, which may be associated with higher summer locomotor activity and/or more intense predation and reproduction.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (T. Ouisse) 03 Dec 2017
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01654276v1
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[hal-01328985] Wing morphology of the active flyer Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) during its invasion of a sub-Antarctic archipelago where insect flightlessness is the rule
The cosmopolitan blowfly Calliphora vicina became established in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands in the late 1970s, following a warming period that allowed its full development. Although temperature and wind may limit flight activity, the fly invaded the archipelago, reaching sites remote from the introduction point. Most native competitors have converged to flightlessness as a response to stringent environmental conditions and therefore the flight strategy of C. vicina might be either a handicap or a competitive advantage under ongoing climate change. Using geometric morphometrics, we investigated whether the wing had changed over time in C. vicina within the archipelago (1998 vs. 2009) and compared its morphology with that of a continental population from a temperate area (1983 vs. 2009). Wing shape plasticity to temperature was also experimentally investigated. We found no clues of relaxed selection on flight morphology in the range invaded. However, rapid changes of wing shape occurred over time in females from the Kerguelen Islands compared with both males and females of the continental population, despite a shorter time-lag between samples in the former. The thermal reaction norms for wing shape found for C. vicina from Kerguelen were also different from those of the continental population, but it remains unknown whether this resulted from or preceded the introduction. These combined findings are consistent with a fingerprint of local adaptation in the invasive population. However, the adaptive significance of the changes, in terms of their aerodynamic consequences and the future evolution of C. vicina in the Kerguelen Islands, requires further investigation. From an evolutionary standpoint, sustaining flight capability under the novel sub-Antarctic conditions might be critical to the invasive success of C. vicina as most competitors are flightless.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mathieu Laparie) 08 Jun 2016
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01328985v1
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[hal-01371831] Uncovering the benefits of fluctuating thermal regimes on cold tolerance of drosophila flies by combined metabolomic and lipidomic approach
When exposed to constant low temperatures (CLTs), insects often suffer from cumulative physiological injuries that can severely compromise their fitness and survival. Yet, mortality can be considerably lowered when the cold stress period is interrupted by periodic warm interruption(s), referred to as fluctuating thermal regimes, FTRs. In this study, we have shown that FTRs strongly promoted cold tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster adults. We then assessed whether this marked phenotypic shift was associated with detectable physiological changes, such as synthesis of cryoprotectants and/or membrane remodeling. To test these hypotheses, we conducted two different time-series Omics analyzes in adult flies submitted to CLTs vs. FTRs: metabolomics (GC/MS) and lipidomics (LC/ESI/MS) targeting membrane phospholipids. We observed increasing levels in several polyhydric alcohols (arabitol, erythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol), sugars (fructose, mannose) and amino acids (serine, alanine, glutamine) in flies under CLT. Prolonged exposure to low temperature was also associated with a marked deviation of metabolic homeostasis and warm interruptions as short as 2 h were sufficient to periodically return the metabolic system to functionality. Lipidomics revealed an increased relative proportion of phosphatidylethanolamines and a shortening of fatty acyl chains in flies exposed to cold, likely to compensate for the ordering effect of low temperature on membranes. We found a remarkable correspondence in the time-course of changes between the metabolic and phospholipids networks, both suggesting a fast homeostatic regeneration during warm intervals under FTRs. In consequence, we suggest that periodic opportunities to restore system-wide homeostasis contribute to promote cold tolerance under FTRs. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hervé Colinet) 27 May 2020
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01371831v1
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[hal-03643496] How Merizodus soledadinus, a carabid predator native from forests in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, rapidly invaded sub-Antarctic islands with no trees
The ground beetle Merizodus soledadinus is a generalist predator originating Patagonia and accidentally introduced in 1913 in one of the most isolated places on Earth, the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands. There, this flightless insect has invaded hypersaline strand lines and now inland habitats, causing local extinctions of invertebrates soon after its arrival in new sites. While its invasion has long been studied, little is known about its distribution and preferred habitats in the native range. It was first described from the Malvinas and Tierra del Fuego, but a field survey showed that populations can be found on mainland South America, further inland and northward than initially thought, where they most often thrive in the litter of Nothofagus sp. trees. This finding raised a number of questions on the factors and traits that facilitate the success of this non-cosmopolitan species in such contrasted conditions, from Patagonian forests to hypersaline habitats invaded in treeless islands. The good match between this voracious beetle and the endemic prey communities it encountered on Kerguelen is likely allowed by its broad opportunistic diet, high starvation resistance and high physiological plasticity. Its survival in inter-tidal areas is permitted by a high salinity tolerance, which is hard to reconcile with forest habitats discovered in Patagonia, questioning whether this insect first transitioned from forests to coastlines in native Patagonia or the opposite. Spatial sorting is now shaping eco-evolutionary dynamics on Kerguelen, ultimately accelerating the spread with climate change, and its persistence in areas where native prey are already impacted is secured by other invasions (invasional meltdown).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mathieu Laparie) 15 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03643496v1
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[hal-03049947] Direct and Indirect Analysis of the Elevational Shift of Larch Budmoth Outbreaks Along an Elevation Gradient
Larch budmoth (LBM) periodically defoliates alpine stands of European larch during vast outbreaks occurring generally at 8-10 year intervals. LBM outbreaks recently declined and the ongoing global warming has been pointed out as a possible cause of this decline. In this article, we reconstructed the recent history of LBM outbreaks at different elevations along a larch elevational gradient in the French Alps using direct and indirect observations based on tree-ring width and density analysis, and compared it with local climatic data. We found that LBM outbreaks time-series were better reconstructed with latewood density than with ring width. We also found that there was a recent but limited elevational shift of LBM outbreaks from medium toward higher elevations. We suggest that this elevational shift is a consequence of the variable effect of the global warming at the different elevations. Winter warming is expected to affect differently the timing of LBM egg hatch as well as that of larch bud flush, larvae being at present susceptible to emerge whereas no needles are available as food at the former optimal elevation. A better synchronization between larch and LBM may exist at higher elevations.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Philippe Rozenberg) 10 Dec 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03049947v1
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[anses-04415035] Analyse des risques sanitaires liés à l’exposition aux chenilles émettrices de poils urticants et élaboration de recommandations de gestion
Les chenilles de Lépidoptères tels que les processionnaires du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Denis et Schiffermüller 1775) et du chêne (Thaumetopoea processionea L. 1758), le bombyx cul-brun (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. 1758) et la Lithosie quadrille (Lithosia quadra L. 1758), produisent des poils urticants qui, par contact direct cutané ou par inhalation, peuvent entraîner des réactions urticariennes ou allergiques chez l’espèce humaine avec un impact sanitaire significatif en cas de pullulation. Ces espèces peuvent, de plus, avoir des impacts sur certains végétaux (chêne, pin, etc.) et animaux (chien, chat, animaux d’élevage, etc.).Plusieurs espèces de ces Lépidoptères semblent accroître d’année en année leur airede répartition sur le territoire national, telle que la processionnaire du pin dont la présence était limitée historiquement au sud de la Loire et qui remonte graduellement vers le nord et en altitude à la faveur du dérèglement climatique. Le dérèglement climatique pourrait également avoir un impact sur l’évolution de l’aire de répartition et la phénologie des autres espèces de Lépidoptères à chenilles urticantes. Les chenilles émettrices de poils urticants constituent ainsi un enjeu de santé globale (en France hexagonale et ultramarine) dans les zones où elles sont déjà présentes ou dans des zones indemnes qu’elles pourraient coloniser dans un avenir proche.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nicolas Desneux) 24 Jan 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04415035v1
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[hal-04672656] Building integrated plant health surveillance: a proactive research agenda for anticipating and mitigating disease and pest emergence
In an era marked by rapid global changes, the reinforcement and modernization of plant health surveillance systems have become imperative. Sixty-five scientists present here a research agenda for an enhanced and modernized plant health surveillance to anticipate and mitigate disease and pest emergence. Our approach integrates a wide range of scientific fields (from life, social, physical and engineering sciences) and identifies the key knowledge gaps, focusing on anticipation, risk assessment, early detection, and multi-actor collaboration. The research directions we propose are organized around four complementary thematic axes. The first axis is the anticipation of pest emergence, encompassing innovative forecasting, adaptive potential, and the effects of climatic and cropping system changes. The second axis addresses the use of versatile broad-spectrum surveillance tools, including molecular or imaging diagnostics supported by artificial intelligence, and monitoring generic matrices such as air and water. The third axis focuses on surveillance of known pests from new perspectives, i.e., using novel approaches to detect known species but also anticipating and detecting, within a species, the populations or genotypes that pose a higher risk. The fourth axis advocates the management of plant health as a commons through the establishment of multi-actor and cooperative surveillance systems for long-term data-driven alert systems and information dissemination. We stress the importance of integrating data and information from multiple sources through open science databases and metadata, alongside developing methods for interpolating and extrapolating incomplete data. Finally, we advocate an Integrated Health Surveillance approach in the One Health context, favoring tailored and versatile solutions to plant health problems and recognizing the interconnected risks to the health of plants, humans, animals and the environment, including food insecurity, pesticide residues, environmental pollution and alterations of ecosystem services.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (S. Soubeyrand) 26 Aug 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04672656v1
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[hal-01605515] Rediscovery of the endangered species Harpalus flavescens (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the Loire River
1. The Loire River is one of the last European large rivers with important sediment dynamics and numerous sandbanks. The extraction of sediment from the riverbed during decades and the construction of levees for flood prevention have strongly affected and shaped the biodiversity of the Loire River. 2. Many species from pioneer riverbanks have been impacted with particular consequences for psammophilous insects. The ground beetle Harpalus (Acardystus) flavescens (Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783), is considered to have disappeared from the Middle Loire River for 40 years and is endangered everywhere in Europe. 3. In 2012 and 2013, we recorded two specimens of H. flavescens in Region Centre-Val de Loire (France), in the course of a survey dedicated to evaluating the impact of fluvial maintenance operations upon sediment and biodiversity dynamics. 4. The presence of H. flavescens may be linked to the interruption of riverbed extractions and the vegetation removal of sandbanks of the Loire River (ecosystem restoration).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Olivier Denux) 25 May 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01605515v1
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[hal-02799903] Natural history of the Processionary Moths (Thaumetopoea spp.): New insights in relation to climate change
It is difficult to find a genus of Lepidoptera showing the high variability of life history traits observed in Thaumetopoea. There are typical summer feeding close to winter feeding species, and in one special case a recent switch has been detected even within one species, the pine processionary moth, indicating that the natural history traits are constantly evolving at a fast rate. There are species adapted to cold conditions of high mountains and high latitude close to truly Mediterranean and sub-desert region species. All species have gregarious behaviour as larva and are protected against vertebrate predators by urticating setae.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Andrea Battisti) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02799903v1
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[hal-02799280] Climate Warming and Past and Present Distribution of the Processionary Moths (Thaumetopoea spp.) in Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa
Pine processionary moth, Thaumetopea pityocampa, is a model insect indicator of global warming, the northwards and upwards range expansion of this Mediterranean species being directly associated with the recent warming up. The knowledge about the drivers of moth expansion is synthesized. A first standardized mapping of the northern expansion edge, from Western Europe to Turkey, is presented, then detailed for 20 countries of Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa, including future trends. Additional data about the responses of the other Thaumetopoea species are given. Finally, the chapter points out the importance of the man-mediated introductions in the expansion process.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alain Roques) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02799280v1
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[hal-02800748] Natural History of the Pine Processionary Moth,Thaumetopoea pityocampa
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Dimitrios N. Avtzis) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02800748v1
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[hal-02797794] Insect – Tree Interactions in Thaumetopoea pityocampa
The pine processionary moth is, by far, the most important insect defoliator of pine forests in Southern Europe and North Africa, both in terms of its temporal occurrence, geographic range and socioeconomic impact. Monitoring and pest management actions are therefore required on a regular basis, to ensure the detection, evaluation and mitigation of potential risks to forest and public health. However, we still lack some of the basic knowledge required for relevant analyses of the risk posed by the pine processionary moth. Pest risk is defined as a combination of three components: (1) pest occurrence, which depends on the spatiotemporal dynamics of populations; (2) plant vulnerability to the pest, resulting in a certain amount of damage; and (3) the socioeconomic impact of damage, depending on the potential value of the plants damaged (Jactel et al. 2012). The population dynamics of the processionary moth has been extensively studied, in particular within the context of climate change (see Battisti et al. 2014, Chap. 2, this volume). Several studies have recently addressed the question of tree and forest vulnerability to pine processionary attacks but a comprehensive review of evidence was missing. This is the first objective of this chapter. In particular we were interested in a better understanding of the ecological mechanisms responsible for the host tree selection, at both the species and individual tree levels. In a second part we show that pine susceptibility to the pine processionary moth could be reduced by improving forest diversity at different spatial scales. In the last part of this chapter we provide quantitative estimate of the growth losses caused by defoliations of the pine processionary moth. Altogether this information paves the way for quantitative risk analyses on pine processionary moth infestations based on forest growth models.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Herve Jactel) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02797794v1
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[hal-02624874] Common pheromone use among host-associated populations of the browntail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, displaying different adult phenologies
The diversity of herbivorous insects may arise from colonization and subsequent specialization on different host plants. Such specialization requires changes in several insect traits, which may lead to host race formation if they reduce gene flow among populations that feed on different plants. Behavioural changes may play a relevant role in host race formation, for example if different races evolve distinct sexual communication signals or adult phenology. Previous research has revealed differences in larval phenology in different host-associated populations of the browntail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Here, sex pheromones among populations of this species are compared, and pheromone trapping data obtained is used in the field to build a phenological model that tests whether populations that feed on different plants differ in their adult flight period. The chemical and electrophysiological analyses revealed that two E. chrysorrhoea populations (on Prunus and on Arbutus unedo) use the same sex pheromone component for mate finding. Our trapping data, however, showed that males fly on average 25 days earlier in populations whose larvae feed on A. unedo compared to those whose larvae feed on Quercus species. Although the shifted phenology described here may underlie host-plant specialization in E. chrysorrhoea, and adults of this species are short-lived, the use of a common sexual pheromone and a large overlap in flight periods suggest that host race formation via allochronic isolation is unlikely in this moth.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Enric Frago) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02624874v1
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[hal-02626268] Winter temperature predicts prolonged diapause in pine processionary moth species across their geographic range
Prolonged diapause occurs in a number of insects and is interpreted as a way to evade adverse conditions. The winter pine processionary moths (Thaumetopoea pityocampa and Th. wilkinsoni) are important pests of pines and cedars in the Mediterranean region. They are typically univoltine, with larvae feeding across the winter, pupating in spring in the soil and emerging as adults in summer. Pupae may, however, enter a prolonged diapause with adults emerging one or more years later. We tested the effect of variation in winter temperature on the incidence of prolonged diapause, using a total of 64 individual datasets related to insect cohorts over the period 1964-2015 for 36 sites in seven countries, covering most of the geographic range of both species. We found high variation in prolonged diapause incidence over their ranges. At both lower and upper ends of the thermal range in winter, prolonged diapause tended to be higher than at intermediate temperatures. Prolonged diapause may represent a risk-spreading strategy to mitigate climate uncertainty, although it may increase individual mortality because of a longer exposure to mortality factors such as predation, parasitism, diseases or energy depletion. Climate change, and in particular the increase of winter temperature, may reduce the incidence of prolonged diapause in colder regions whereas it may increase it in warmer ones, with consequences for population dynamics.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Md Habibur Rahman Salman) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02626268v1
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[hal-02754121] Identication and mapping of Chrysomela tremulae resistance QTL in poplar
Chrysomela tremulae is one of the most threatening leaf-feeding beetles in young poplar plantations and nurseries in France. Adults and larvae feed on young poplar leaves and destroy the new growth. They cause reductions in biomass or the death of young nursery plants and decrease the biomass production of short rotation coppices. Previous studies have revealed significant differences in responses among poplar species and hybrids, and knowledge on the host plant resistance and its genetic variation is a first step to achieve selection for durable resistance. To determine the genetic basis of resistance to C. tremulae, an interspecific Fl family P. deltoides x P trichocarpa of 330 individuals was used. The P. deltoides parent was resistant and the male parent P. trichocarpa suceptible. The evaluation of resistance was carried both in laboratory and field conditions on respectively 330 and 184 genotypes. The preferences of C. tremulae were determined (1) in the laboratory by evaluation of adults feeding through multiple choice tests on leaf disk (2) in the field, by visual notations of damage in a randomised plantation. It allowed to classify the progenies according to their level of sensivity. The distributions of clonal means observed fit with a polygenic control for the traits. Resistance to C. tremulae showed a higher broad sense heritability in the laboratory tests than in the field evaluation. The genetic maps of the 2 parents : the female parent P. deltoides and the male parent P. trichocarpa realized, using RAPD, RFLP, AFLP and SSR markers were used to understand the genomic structure of resistance. Based on 'interval mapping' we have identified for laboratory test 3 QTL, explaining between 6.7% and 14.5% of clonal differences on P. deltoides and P. trichocarpa linkage groups.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sylvie Augustin) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02754121v1
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[hal-02627472] Consistency of impact assessment protocols for non-native species
Standardized tools are needed to identify and prioritize the most harmful non-native species (NNS). A plethora of assessment protocols have been developed to evaluate the current and potential impacts of non-native species, but consistency among them has received limited attention. To estimate the consistency across impact assessment protocols, 89 specialists in biological invasions used 11 protocols to screen 57 NNS (2614 assessments). We tested if the consistency in the impact scoring across assessors, quantified as the coefficient of variation (CV), was dependent on the characteristics of the protocol, the taxonomic group and the expertise of the assessor. Mean CV across assessors was 40%, with a maximum of 223%. CV was lower for protocols with a low number of score levels, which demanded high levels of expertise, and when the assessors had greater expertise on the assessed species. The similarity among protocols with respect to the final scores was higher when the protocols considered the same impact types. We conclude that all protocols led to considerable inconsistency among assessors. In order to improve consistency, we highlight the importance of selecting assessors with high expertise, providing clear guidelines and adequate training but also deriving final decisions collaboratively by consensus.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pablo Gonzalez-Moreno) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02627472v1
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[hal-02627834] Return of the moth: rethinking the effect of climate on insect outbreaks
The sudden interruption of recurring larch budmoth (LBM; Zeiraphera diniana or griseana Gn.) outbreaks across the European Alps after 1982 was surprising, because populations had regularly oscillated every 8-9 years for the past 1200 years or more. Although ecophysiological evidence was limited and underlying processes remained uncertain, climate change has been indicated as a possible driver of this disruption. An unexpected, recent return of LBM population peaks in 2017 and 2018 provides insight into this insect's climate sensitivity. Here, we combine meteorological and dendrochronological data to explore the influence of temperature variation and atmospheric circulation on cyclic LBM outbreaks since the early 1950s. Anomalous cold European winters, associated with a persistent negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, coincide with four consecutive epidemics between 1953 and 1982, and any of three warming-induced mechanisms could explain the system's failure thereafter: (1) high egg mortality, (2) asynchrony between egg hatch and foliage growth, and (3) upward shifts of outbreak epicentres. In demonstrating that LBM populations continued to oscillate every 8-9 years at sub-outbreak levels, this study emphasizes the relevance of winter temperatures on trophic interactions between insects and their host trees, as well as the importance of separating natural from anthropogenic climate forcing on population behaviour.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Ulf Büntgen) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02627834v1
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[hal-02648399] Open minded and open access: introducing NeoBiota, a new peer-reviewed journal of biological invasions
The Editorial presents the focus, scope, policies, and the inaugural issue of NeoBiota, a new open access peer-reviewed journal of biological invasions. The new journal NeoBiota is a continuation of the former NEOBIOTA publication series. The journal will deal with all aspects of invasion biology and impose no restrictions on manuscript size neither on use of color. NeoBiota implies an XML-based editorial workflow and several cutting-edge innovations in publishing and dissemination, such as semantic markup of and enhancements to published texts, data publication, and extensive cross-linking within the journal and to external sources.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Ingolf Kuhn) 29 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02648399v1
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[hal-02652762] Increased gene sampling strengthens support for higher-level groups within leaf-mining moths and relatives (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Background: Researchers conducting molecular phylogenetic studies are frequently faced with the decision of what to do when weak branch support is obtained for key nodes of importance. As one solution, the researcher may choose to sequence additional orthologous genes of appropriate evolutionary rate for the taxa in the study. However, generating large, complete data matrices can become increasingly difficult as the number of characters increases. A few empirical studies have shown that augmenting genes even for a subset of taxa can improve branch support. However, because each study differs in the number of characters and taxa, there is still a need for additional studies that examine whether incomplete sampling designs are likely to aid at increasing deep node resolution. We target Gracillariidae, a Cretaceous-age (similar to 100 Ma) group of leaf-mining moths to test whether the strategy of adding genes for a subset of taxa can improve branch support for deep nodes. We initially sequenced ten genes (8,418 bp) for 57 taxa that represent the major lineages of Gracillariidae plus outgroups. After finding that many deep divergences remained weakly supported, we sequenced eleven additional genes (6,375 bp) for a 27-taxon subset. We then compared results from different data sets to assess whether one sampling design can be favored over another. The concatenated data set comprising all genes and all taxa and three other data sets of different taxon and gene sub-sampling design were analyzed with maximum likelihood. Each data set was subject to five different models and partitioning schemes of non-synonymous and synonymous changes. Statistical significance of non-monophyly was examined with the Approximately Unbiased (AU) test. Results: Partial augmentation of genes led to high support for deep divergences, especially when non-synonymous changes were analyzed alone. Increasing the number of taxa without an increase in number of characters led to lower bootstrap support; increasing the number of characters without increasing the number of taxa generally increased bootstrap support. More than three-quarters of nodes were supported with bootstrap values greater than 80% when all taxa and genes were combined. Gracillariidae, Lithocolletinae + Leucanthiza, and Acrocercops and Parectopa groups were strongly supported in nearly every analysis. Gracillaria group was well supported in some analyses, but less so in others. We find strong evidence for the exclusion of Douglasiidae from Gracillarioidea sensu Davis and Robinson (1998). Our results strongly support the monophyly of a G.B.R.Y. clade, a group comprised of Gracillariidae + Bucculatricidae + Roeslerstammiidae + Yponomeutidae, when analyzed with non-synonymous changes only, but this group was frequently split when synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions were analyzed together. Conclusions: 1) Partially or fully augmenting a data set with more characters increased bootstrap support for particular deep nodes, and this increase was dramatic when non-synonymous changes were analyzed alone. Thus, the addition of sites that have low levels of saturation and compositional heterogeneity can greatly improve results. 2) Gracillarioidea, as defined by Davis and Robinson (1998), clearly do not include Douglasiidae, and changes to current classification will be required. 3) Gracillariidae were monophyletic in all analyses conducted, and nearly all species can be placed into one of six strongly supported clades though relationships among these remain unclear. 4) The difficulty in determining the phylogenetic placement of Bucculatricidae is probably attributable to compositional heterogeneity at the third codon position. From our tests for compositional heterogeneity and strong bootstrap values obtained when synonymous changes are excluded, we tentatively conclude that Bucculatricidae is closely related to Gracillariidae + Roeslerstammiidae + Yponomeutidae.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Akito Kawahara) 29 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02652762v1
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[hal-04169153] Latitudinal gradient in avian insectivory: complementary effects of climate, habitat and bird diversity
According to the Latitudinal Biotic Interaction Hypothesis (LBIH), the general increase in biodiversity towards lower latitudes can be partially explained by an increase in the intensity of biotic interactions. While LBIH received some support for plant-herbivores interactions, much less is known about how higher trophic levels may contribute to shape biotic interactions across latitudinal gradients. We hypothesized that the diversity of insectivorous birds increases towards lower latitude, leading to higher predation rates on insect herbivores. Location Europe. Taxon Insectivorous birds and pedunculate oaks. Methods We deployed plasticine caterpillars in 138 oak trees in 47 sites along a 19° latitudinal gradient in Europe to quantify bird insectivory through predation attempts. In addition, we used passive acoustic monitoring to (i) characterize the acoustic diversity of surrounding soundscapes; and (ii) infer both taxonomic and functional diversity of insectivorous birds from recordings. Results The functional diversity of insectivorous birds increased towards lower latitude. Bird predation increased with latitude, forest cover and bird acoustic diversity but decreased with mean annual temperature and functional richness of insectivorous birds. Contrary to our predictions, latitudinal clines in bird predation attempts were not directly mediated by changes in insectivorous bird diversity or acoustic diversity, but latitude and habitat still had independent effects on predation attempts. Main conclusions Our study does not fully support the predictions of the LBIH of more biotic interactions southwards and advocates for better accounting for activity and abundance of insectivorous birds when studying the large-scale variation in insect-tree interactions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laura Schillé) 24 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04169153v1
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[hal-03217254] Tracking the colonization patterns of an expanding forest pest and its natural enemies using molecular markers
Climate change is influencing population dynamics of several pest insect species leading to the expansion of their range. Range expansion can be driven also by human-mediated dispersal, with the establishment of new insect populations in suitable areas far from their native range. In this process, interactions between insects and their natural enemies can change due to new environmental conditions or to different rate of dispersion. In recent years, pine processionary moth (PPM), one of the main forest pests in the Mediterranean region, is expanding its range favored by both higher winter mean temperatures and accidental human-mediated transportation. Here we outlined the genetic structure of PPM along its range in France using 23 microsatellites loci, characterizing the main patterns of expansion of this species and identifying the source populations of new colonies in the expansion areas. These data can be employed for developing assignment tools to genetically characterize PPM for a quick identification of their origin area. Finally, we developed a new set of microsatellite primers for the PPM specialist egg-parasitoid in order to track its dispersion following its host in the expanding areas. The low genetic variability found, not directly useful for tracking parasitoid expansion, shed light on the role of bacterial endosymbionts in the population genetic structure of this species.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mauro Simonato) 05 May 2021
https://hal.science/hal-03217254v1
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[hal-03218374] Interesting lessons we can learn using past herbarium collections for studying forest insect pest invasions
Historical herbaria collected around the world are valuable source of data for studying past communities of folivore organisms and tracking their distributions through the time. Here we examined the world biggest herbarium collection stored in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris, France) in order to explore past Tilia-feeding endophage complexes and their populations in the Holarctic and clarify the expansion history of the lime leafminer, Phyllonorycter issikii Kumata, 1963 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), an invasive pest in Europe damaging limes, Tilia spp. (Malvaceae).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Natalia Kirichenko) 05 May 2021
https://hal.science/hal-03218374v1
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[pasteur-01133499] Assessment of genetic and pheromonal diversity of the Cydia strobilella species complex (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Combining pheromone trapping and genetic analyses can be useful when trying to resolve complexes of closely related insect taxa that are difficult to distinguish based on morphological characters. Nearctic and Palearctic populations of the spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella L., have been considered taxonomically synonymous since 1983, but more recent work revealing distinct sex pheromones for Canadian and Swedish moths suggest that populations in the two regions belong to different species. In order to test this hypothesis, we performed field trapping using different pheromone lures at ten sites in North America, Europe and Asia, and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among trapped moths using mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (elongation factor 1 alpha) DNA sequence data. Trapping data and tree topologies for both genes revealed distinct pherotypes in North America and Eurasia. A genetically distinct population from China was investigated further with respect to its sex pheromone. Electrophysiological data indicated that Chinese females produce a deviant ratio of the sex pheromone components (dienic acetates) compared to Swedish females. However, trapping experiments in both areas revealed a similar broad response profile in males to a wide range of acetate ratios, and these populations should be considered taxonomically synonymous. A previous suggestion of an agonistic effect on the attraction of C. strobilella males in Sweden when adding the corresponding alcohols to the binary acetate blend was also tested in Sweden as well as in China, with no observed effect on attraction of males. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the great potential of using pheromone trapping as a tool for identification and delimitation of taxa within cryptic species complexes. Based on our data, Nearctic and Palearctic populations of C. strobilella should be considered different species, and C. youngana Kearfott stat. rev. is resurrected here as valid name for North American populations, which was the case before the revision in 1983.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Glenn P. Svensson) 19 Mar 2015
https://riip.hal.science/pasteur-01133499v1
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[hal-02668026] Alien species in a warmer world : risks and opportunities
Climate change and biological invasions are key processes affecting global biodiversity, yet their effects have usually been considered separately. Here, we emphasise that global warming has enabled alien species to expand into regions in which they previously could not survive and reproduce. Based on a review of climate-mediated biological invasions of plants, invertebrates,fishes and birds, we discuss the ways in which climate change influences biological invasions. We emphasise the role of alien species in a more dynamic context of shifting species’ ranges and changing communities. Under these circumstances, management practices regarding the occurrence of ‘new’ species could range from complete eradication to tolerance and even consideration of the ‘new’ species as an enrichment of local biodiversity and key elements to maintain ecosystem services.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Gian-Reto Walther) 31 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02668026v1
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[hal-02627715] Forewarned is forearmed: harmonized approaches for early detection of potentially invasive pests and pathogens in sentinel plantings
The number of invasive alien pest and pathogen species affecting ecosystem functioning, human health and economies has increased dramatically over the last decades. Discoveries of invasive pests and pathogens previously unknown to science or with unknown host associations yet damaging on novel hosts highlights the necessity of developing novel tools to predict their appearance in hitherto naive environments. The use of sentinel plant systems is a promising tool to improve the detection of pests and pathogens before introduction and to provide valuable information for the development of preventative measures to minimize economic or environmental impacts. Though sentinel plantings have been established and studied during the last decade, there still remains a great need for guidance on which tools and protocols to put into practice in order to make assessments accurate and reliable. The sampling and diagnostic protocols chosen should enable as much information as possible about potential damaging agents and species identification. Consistency and comparison of results are based on the adoption of common procedures for sampling design and sample processing. In this paper, we suggest harmonized procedures that should be used in sentinel planting surveys for effective sampling and identification of potential pests and pathogens. We also review the benefits and limitations of various diagnostic methods for early detection in sentinel systems, and the feasibility of the results obtained supporting National Plant Protection Organizations in pest and commodity risk analysis.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Carmen Morales-Rodriguez) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02627715v1
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[hal-02822462] The ALARM field site network, an outstanding tool for the survey of invasive insects infesting seeds of wild roses in europe. Chapter 6: Biological invasions
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie-Anne Auger-Rozenberg) 06 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02822462v1
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[hal-02623059] Plant diversity drives global patterns of insect invasions
During the last two centuries, thousands of insect species have been transported ( largely inadvertently) and established outside of their native ranges worldwide, some with catastrophic ecological and economic impacts. Global variation in numbers of invading species depends on geographic variation in propagule pressure and heterogeneity of environmental resistance to invasions. Elton's diversity-invasibility hypothesis, proposed over sixty years ago, has been widely explored for plants but little is known on how biodiversity affects insect invasions. Here we use species inventories from 44 land areas, ranging from small oceanic islands to entire continents in various world regions, to show that numbers of established insect species are primarily driven by diversity of plants, with both native and non-native plant species richness being the strongest predictor of insect invasions. We find that at large spatial scales, plant diversity directly explains variation in non-native insect species richness among world regions, while geographic factors such as land area, climate and insularity largely affect insect invasions indirectly via their effects on local plant richness.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Andrew M. Liebhold) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02623059v1
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[hal-03441511] Invasion disharmony in the global biogeography of native and non‐native beetle species
Aim The concept of "island disharmony" has been widely applied to describe the systematic over- and under-representation of taxa on islands compared to mainland regions. Here, we explore an extension of that concept to biological invasions. We compare biogeographical patterns in native and non-native beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages from around the world to test whether beetle invasions represent a random sample of species or whether some families are more prone to invade than others. Location Global. Methods Numbers of non-native beetle species established in ten regions worldwide were compared with the land area of each region. The distribution of species among families was compared with the distribution among families for all species native to the same region and with the distribution among families for the global pool of all known beetle species. Ordination analysis was used to characterize differences among native and non-native assemblages based upon the distribution of species among families. Results We report a total of 1,967 non-native beetle species across all ten regions, and a classic log-log relationship between numbers of species per region and land area though relationships are generally stronger for native assemblages. Some families (e.g., Dermestidae and Bostrichidae) are over-represented and others (e.g., Carabidae, Scarabaeidae and Buprestidae) are under-represented in non-native assemblages. The distribution of species among families is generally similar among native assemblages with greatest similarities among nearby regions. In contrast, non-native species assemblages are more similar to each other than to native species assemblages. Main conclusions Certain families are over-represented, and others are under-represented in non-native beetle assemblages compared to native assemblages, indicating "invasion disharmony" in the global representation of beetle families. Similarities in composition among non-native assemblages may reflect unobserved associations with invasion pathways and life-history traits that shape invasion success of different insect groups.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Andrew M Liebhold) 22 Nov 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03441511v1
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[hal-01607783] No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide
Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970-2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hanno Seebens) 27 May 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01607783v1
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[hal-02629243] Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools
Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species-those never encountered as aliens before-therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: Onequarter of first records during 2000-2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1-16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hanno Seebens) 27 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02629243v1
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[hal-04312043] Moths and butterflies on alien shores: Global biogeography of non‐native Lepidoptera
Abstract Aim Lepidoptera is a highly diverse, predominantly herbivorous insect order, with species transported to outside their native range largely facilitated by the global trade of plants and plant‐based goods. Analogous to island disharmony, we examine invasion disharmony, where species filtering during invasions increases systematic compositional differences between native and non‐native species assemblages, and test whether some families are more successful at establishing in non‐native regions than others. Location Hawaii, North America, Galapagos, Europe, South Africa, South Korea, Japan, Nansei Islands, Ogasawara Islands, Australia, New Zealand. Taxon Lepidoptera. Methods We compared numbers of non‐native, unintentionally introduced Lepidoptera species with the land area of 11 regions worldwide. Differences among native and non‐native assemblages in the distribution of species among families were investigated using ordination analysis. We tested whether invasion disharmony is explained by propagule pressure (proxied by species richness in border interceptions) and if families were associated with specific trade commodities. Results In total, 741 non‐native Lepidoptera species, accounting for 0.47% of the global diversity of lepidopterans, are established in at least one of the 11 regions. Crambidae, Pyralidae, Tineidae and Gracillariidae were particularly successful invaders, whereas the two most species‐rich families, Erebidae and Geometridae, were under‐represented among non‐native Lepidoptera. Much of the variation in species numbers in the native, and less so in the non‐native assemblages could be attributed to land area. Although native assemblages were similar among nearby regions, non‐native assemblages were not, suggesting geography had little effect on invasion disharmony. Comparison of established with intercepted species revealed that macromoth families were generally under‐represented in establishments, whereas several micromoth families were under‐represented in interceptions. This discrepancy may relate to greater detectability of larger species or high propagule pressure via associations with specific invasion pathways. Main conclusions Invasion disharmony in Lepidoptera appears to be driven by processes unrelated to the success of native assemblages. While native assemblages developed through long‐term evolutionary radiation, the composition of non‐native assemblages is driven by differential invasion pathways and traits affecting the establishment of founder populations that vary among families.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Richard Mally) 28 Nov 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04312043v1
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[hal-03846951] A large-scale dataset reveals taxonomic and functional specificities of wild bee communities in urban habitats of Western Europe
Wild bees are declining, mainly due to the expansion of urban habitats that have led to land-use changes. Effects of urbanization on wild bee communities are still unclear, as shown by contrasting reports on their species and functional diversities in urban habitats. To address this current controversy, we built a large dataset, merging 16 surveys carried out in 3 countries of Western Europe during the past decades, and tested whether urbanization influences local wild bee taxonomic and functional community composition. These surveys encompassed a range of urbanization levels, that were quantified using two complementary metrics: the proportion of impervious surfaces and the human population density. Urban expansion, when measured as a proportion of impervious surfaces, but not as human population density, was significantly and negatively correlated with wild bee community species richness. Taxonomic dissimilarity of the bee community was independent of both urbanization metrics. However, occurrence rates of functional traits revealed significant differences between lightly and highly urbanized communities, for both urbanization metrics. With higher human population density, probabilities of occurrence of above-ground nesters, generalist and small species increased. With higher soil sealing, probabilities of occurrence of above-ground nesters, generalists and social bees increased as well. Overall, these results, based on a large European dataset, suggest that urbanization can have negative impacts on wild bee diversity. They further identify some traits favored in urban environments, showing that several wild bee species can thrive in cities.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Arthur Fauviau) 10 Nov 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03846951v1
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[hal-02632331] <em>Megastigmus</em> seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa
A survey of seed chalcids from woody plants in Kenya revealed 12 species belonging to the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820, and has increased to 16 the number of Megastigmus species presently recorded from the Afrotropical Region, of which at least 13 are seed feeders. A key to female Megastigmus of the Afrotropical Region is provided. Eight new species are described from morphological evidence: M. lanneae Roques & Copeland, M. laventhali Roques & Copeland, M. ozoroae Roques & Copeland, and M. smithi Roques & Copeland in seeds of species of the family Anacardiaceae, M. copelandi Roques & Copeland and M. grewianae Roques & Copeland in seeds of Malvaceae, M. helinae Roques & Copeland in seeds of Rhamnaceae, and M. icipeensis Roques & Copeland for which no host is known. These collections include the first records of Malvaceae and Rhamnaceae as hosts of Megastigmus seed chalcids, which appear to have radiated in Angiosperms much more than previously considered. Analyses of the mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit one - COI) and nuclear DNA (28S ribosomal region) could be carried out on 8 of the 16 African species of which 5 were newly described ones. The species associated with Anacardiaceae always clustered together in phylogenies, confirming the existence of a strong and ancestral monophyletic clade, unlike the ones associated with Malvaceae and Rhamnaceae, whose position remains unclear. All holotypes are deposited in the National Museums of Kenya.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alain Roques) 27 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02632331v1
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[hal-02701664] Comestibilite de differents clones de pin sylvestre pour Diprion pini L. (Hym., Diprionidae). I. Incidence de la consommation des aiguilles de differents clones de pin sylvestre sur le developpement de Diprion pini L.
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (M.A. Auger) 01 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02701664v1
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[hal-02701884] Comestibilite de differents clones de pin sylvestre pour Diprion pini L. (Hym., Diprionidae). III. Perspectives pour l'amelioration genetique du pin sylvestre
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (M.A. Auger) 01 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02701884v1
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[hal-02708740] Comestibilite de differents clones de pin sylvestre pour Diprion pini L. (Hym., Diprionidae). II. Relations entre le contenu phenolique des aiguilles de pins sylvestres et la mortalite des larves de Diprion pini
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (M.A. Auger) 01 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02708740v1
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[hal-02710302] Sex pheromone of the pine sawfly Diprion pini (Hymenoptera : Diprionidae) : chemical identification, synthesis and biological activity
The main component of the sex pheromone secretion of female Diprion pini L. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) from insects collected both in Finland and in France has been identified as a threo-3,7-dimethyl2-tridecanol (8 ng per fema!e) stereoisomer by GC-MS and synthesis. The secretion also contains lower and higher homologues in small amounts (1-4% of the main component). Combined gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection showed activity in both natural and esterified extracts (acetates and propionates); the esters of the main component gave the largest responses. The acetates and propionates of the eight stereoisomers of 3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol were synthesized from enantiomerically highly enriched ( &gt; 99% ee) building blocks. The stereochemistry of the main component was established to be (2S,3R,7R)-3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol by GC analysis of the natural material. It was purified by liquid chromatography prior to the GC analysis of both its pentafluorobenzoates and its isopropylcarbamates on a non-chiral polar column (ECD) and a chiral column (NPD), respectively. Field tests demonstrated that both the acetate and propionate of the main component (100 lag of each applied on cotton roll dispensers) were active in attracting males, with or without the presence of several of the minor compounds. Experiments with smaller amounts of the acetate and the propionate (1 lag in France and 50 lag in Finland) demonstrated that the propionate was more active than the acetate, and that it also caught more males than a blend of the two compounds.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (G. Bergström) 01 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02710302v1
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[hal-03533022] Plasticity of feeding behaviour traits in response to production environment (temperate vs. tropical) in group-housed growing pigs
Heat stress affects pig metabolism, health and welfare, resulting in reduced growth and important economic losses. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of two climatic environments [temperate (TEMP) vs. tropical humid (TROP)] on feeding behaviour in growing pigs. The feeding behaviour traits were measured with automated feeders and included: daily feed intake, daily eating time, feeding rate, daily number of meals, feed intake per meal, and feeding time per meal. Pigs came from a backcross population between Large White (LW, heat sensitive) and Creole (CR, heat tolerant) pigs. The same 10 F1 LW × CR boars (sire families [SF]) were mated with related LW sows in each environment. Feeding behaviour was recorded for a total of 1,296 pigs (n = 634 pigs for TEMP and n = 662 pigs for TROP) between 11 and 23 weeks of age. Growth performance and thermoregulatory responses (rectal and skin temperatures) were also measured. Results show that TROP conditions affect feeding behaviour traits: animals had more meals per day but these meals were smaller both in duration and in size, resulting in lower daily feed intake and less time eating per day. Significant SF by environment (GxE) interactions were found for all feeding behaviour traits. When SF were distributed into robust and sensitive groups (previously defined according to performance and thermoregulatory traits), results showed group by environment interactions for all feeding traits, except meal frequency. Moreover, a significant difference in feeding rate between robust and sensitive group was detected in TEMP, suggesting that feeding rate may be a good candidate to evaluate heat tolerance.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nausicaa Poullet) 25 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03533022v1
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[hal-02763198] Determining the suitability of a European cone weevil, Pissodes validirostris, for biological control of invasive pines in South Africa
Several Mediterranean pine species introduced to South Africa have become invasive plants which displace native flora and deplete limited water resources. A proposal to release host-specific, seeddestroying insects to arrest these pine invasions has created a potential conflict with the lucrative forest industry which is predominantly based on pine species from North America. A survey of European cone insects revealed that pine cones are heavily damaged by larvae of a cone weevil, Pissodes validirostris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). To determine the host specificity, weevils were collected on 10 pine species throughout Europe. Adult responses to European and North American Pinus species were recorded using both natural choice tests and no-choice tests. Cone use was significantly dependent on the larval host of the weevils with adults originating from northern and alpine pines (P. sylvestris group) being incapable of developing on Mediterranean pines (P. pinaster and P. pinea) and vice versa. Neither group of beetles utilized cones of five-needle pines or P. patula. Observations of adult maturationfeeding on seedlings produced similar patterns of host specificity. Morphometric and genetic (mitochondrial DNA) analyses on the different populations confirmed that P. validirostris probably consists of a complex of sibling species specialized on different host pines rather than a single generalist species. Therefore, cone weevils originating from P. pinaster appear to be suitable for release in South Africa.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alain Roques) 04 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02763198v1
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[hal-04171739] Les scolytes du genre Xylosandrus à la conquête de l'Europe
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Teddy Urvois) 26 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04171739v1
