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[hal-04210335] Rapport d'étude socio-anthropologique-Tâche 4 du projet OSTils. Les choix de plantation des arbres par les particuliers
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anaïs Mohamed) 18 Sep 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04210335
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[hal-02840706] Growth and survival of Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) on transgenic poplar containing a Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxine gene
In France, the chrysomelid beetle Chrysomela tremulae is the main defoliating pest in both young plantations and short rotation stands of poplars. Larvae and adults of C. tremulae feed on leaves of young poplars, leaving only the vein, and can be a limiting factor for biomass production. They also attack the bark when foliage is no longer available, frequently killing the seedlings. In view of the problems concerning the use of insecticides (i.e., prohibitive cost and environmental safety), the introduction into plants of genes confering resistance to this insect is a new promising strategy. The Bacillus thuringiensis-endotoxine gene Cry III A was introduced via cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefasciens in a Leuce hybrid clone (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) that is very sensitive to C. tremulae. Three transformants were tested for their effects on survival and development of C. tremulae. C. tremulae survival was significantly reduced on transgenic foliage tested compared to non-transformed foliage. Larval development time was also affected by foliage: it was longer on leaves of the three transgenic than on the non-transgenic control leaves. Male and female pupal wet-weights, measured as an estimate of reproductive potential, were lighter on leaves of the three transgenic foliages. The three transformants assayed on C. tremulae survival and development provided protection to poplar, but this protection was not absolute. The results on mortality suggested that the level of expression of the endotoxin was moderate, but sufficient to induce effects on insect development that will enhance the teratological action.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sylvie Augustin) 07 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02840706
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[hal-03593152] High frequency and diversity of insects and fungi in traded tree seeds
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Iva Franic) 31 Mar 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03593152
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[hal-04175404] Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs
Abstract International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Iva Franić) 02 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04175404
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[hal-02627982] Developing a list of invasive alien species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the European Union
The European Union (EU) has recently published its first list of invasive alien species (IAS) of EU concern to which current legislation must apply. The list comprises species known to pose great threats to biodiversity and needs to be maintained and updated. Horizon scanning is seen as critical to identify the most threatening potential IAS that do not yet occur in Europe to be subsequently risk assessed for future listing. Accordingly, we present a systematic consensus horizon scanning procedure to derive a ranked list of potential IAS likely to arrive, establish, spread and have an impact on biodiversity in the region over the next decade. The approach is unique in the continental scale examined, the breadth of taxonomic groups and environments considered, and the methods and data sources used. International experts were brought together to address five broad thematic groups of potential IAS. For each thematic group the experts first independently assembled lists of potential IAS not yet established in the EU but potentially threatening biodiversity if introduced. Experts were asked to score the species within their thematic group for their separate likelihoods of i) arrival, ii) establishment, iii) spread, and iv) magnitude of the potential negative impact on biodiversity within the EU. Experts then convened for a 2-day workshop applying consensus methods to compile a ranked list of potential IAS. From an initial working list of 329 species, a list of 66 species not yet established in the EU that were considered to be very high (8 species), high (40 species) or medium (18 species) risk species was derived. Here, we present these species highlighting the potential negative impacts and the most likely biogeographic regions to be affected by these potential IAS.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Helen E. Roy) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02627982
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[hal-02648473] Reply to Keller and Springborn: No doubt about invasion debt
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Franz Essl) 29 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02648473
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[hal-02627829] Are traded forest tree seeds a potential source of nonnative pests?
The international seed trade is considered relatively safe from a phytosanitary point of view and is therefore less regulated than trade in other plants for planting. However, the pests carried by traded seeds are not well known. We assessed insects and fungi in 58 traded seed lots of 11 gymnosperm and angiosperm tree species from North America, Europe, and Asia. Insects were detected by X-raying and molecular methods. The fungal community was characterized using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and by growing fungi on non-selective agar. About 30% of the seed lots contained insect larvae. Gymnosperms contained mostly hymenopteran (Megastigmus spp.) and dipteran (Cecidomyiidae) larvae, while angiosperms contained lepidopteran (Cydia latiferreana) and coleopteran (Curculio spp.) larvae. HTS indicated the presence of fungi in all seed lots and fungi grew on non-selective agar from 96% of the seed lots. Fungal abundance and diversity were much higher than insect diversity and abundance, especially in angiosperm seeds. Almost 50% of all fungal exact sequence variants (ESVs) found in angiosperms were potential pathogens, in comparison with around 30% of potentially pathogenic ESVs found in gymnosperms. The results of this study indicate that seeds may pose a greater risk of pest introduction than previously believed or accounted for. A rapid risk assessment suggests that only a small number of species identified in this study is of phytosanitary concern. However, more research is needed to enable better risk assessment, especially to increase knowledge about the potential for transmission of fungi to seedlings and the host range and impact of identified species.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Iva Franic) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02627829
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[hal-02625363] Promises and challenges in insect-plant interactions
There is tremendous diversity of interactions between plants and other species. These relationships range from antagonism to mutualism. Interactions of plants with members of their ecological community can lead to a profound metabolic reconfiguration of the plants’ physiology. This reconfiguration can favour beneficial organisms and deter antagonists like pathogens or herbivores. Determining the cellular and molecular dialogue between plants, microbes, and insects, and its ecological and evolutionary implications is important for understanding the options for each partner to adopt an adaptive response to its biotic environment. Moving forward, understanding how such ecological interactions are shaped by environmental change and how we potentially mitigate deleterious effects will be increasingly important. The development of integrative multidisciplinary approaches may provide new solutions to the major ecological and societal issues ahead of us. The rapid evolution of technology provides valuable tools and opens up novel ways to test hypotheses that were previously unanswerable, but requires that scientists master these tools, understand potential ethical problems flowing from their implementation, and train new generations of biologists with diverse technical skills. Here, we provide brief perspectives and discuss future promise and challenges for research on insect–plant interactions building on the 16th International Symposium on Insect–Plant interactions (SIP) meeting that was held in Tours, France (2–6 July 2017). Talks, posters, and discussions are distilled into key research areas in insect–plant interactions, highlighting the current state of the field and major challenges, and future directions for both applied and basic research.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (David Giron) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02625363
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[hal-02668026] Alien species in a warmer world : risks and opportunities
Climate change and biological invasions are key processes affecting global biodiversity, yet their effects have usually been considered separately. Here, we emphasise that global warming has enabled alien species to expand into regions in which they previously could not survive and reproduce. Based on a review of climate-mediated biological invasions of plants, invertebrates,fishes and birds, we discuss the ways in which climate change influences biological invasions. We emphasise the role of alien species in a more dynamic context of shifting species’ ranges and changing communities. Under these circumstances, management practices regarding the occurrence of ‘new’ species could range from complete eradication to tolerance and even consideration of the ‘new’ species as an enrichment of local biodiversity and key elements to maintain ecosystem services.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Gian-Reto Walther) 31 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02668026
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[hal-02821668] Alien terrestrial invertebrates of Europe. Chapter 5
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alain Roques) 06 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02821668
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[hal-02668657] Temporal and spatial variations in the parasitoid complex of the horse chestnut leafminer during its invasion of Europe
The enemy release hypothesis posits that the initial success of invasive species depends on the scarcity and poor adaptation of native natural enemies such as predators and parasitoids. As for parasitoids, invading hosts are first attacked at low rates by a species-poor complex of mainly generalist species. Over the years, however, parasitoid richness may increase either because the invading host continuously encounters new parasitoid species during its spread (geographic spread-hypothesis) or because local parasitoids need different periods of time to adapt to the novel host (adjustment-hypothesis). Both scenarios should result in a continuous increase of parasitoid richness over time. In this study, we reconstructed the development of the hymenopteran parasitoid complex of the invasive leafminer Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). Our results show that the overall parasitism rate increases as a function of host residence time as well as geographic and climatic factors, altogether reflecting the historic spread of C. ohridella. The same variables also explain the individual parasitism rates of several species in the parasitoid complex, but fail to explain the abundance of others. Evidence supporting the “geographic spread-hypothesis” was found in the parasitism pattern of Cirrospilus talitzkii (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), while that of Pediobius saulius, another eulophid, indicated an increase of parasitism rates by behavioral, phenological or biological adjustments. Compared to fully integrated host-parasitoid associations, however, parasitism rates of C. ohridella are still very low. In addition, the parasitoid complex lacks specialists, provided that the species determined are valid and not complexes of cryptic (and presumably more specialized) species. Probably, the adjustment of specialist parasitoids requires more than a few decades, particularly to invaders which establish in ecological niches free of native hosts, thus eliminating any possibility of recruitment of pre-adapted parasitoids.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Giselher Grabenweger) 31 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02668657
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[hal-01144571] THE 2014 ALMA LONG BASELINE CAMPAIGN: AN OVERVIEW
A major goal of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is to make accurate images with resolutions of tens of milliarcseconds, which at submillimeter (submm) wavelengths requires baselines up to ~15 km. To develop and test this capability, a Long Baseline Campaign (LBC) was carried out from September to late November 2014, culminating in end-to-end observations, calibrations, and imaging of selected Science Verification (SV) targets. This paper presents an overview of the campaign and its main results, including an investigation of the short-term coherence properties and systematic phase errors over the long baselines at the ALMA site, a summary of the SV targets and observations, and recommendations for science observing strategies at long baselines. Deep ALMA images of the quasar 3C138 at 97 and 241 GHz are also compared to VLA 43 GHz results, demonstrating an agreement at a level of a few percent. As a result of the extensive program of LBC testing, the highly successful SV imaging at long baselines achieved angular resolutions as fine as 19 mas at ~350 GHz. Observing with ALMA on baselines of up to 15 km is now possible, and opens up new parameter space for submm astronomy.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alma Partnership) 22 Apr 2015
https://hal.science/hal-01144571
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[hal-04171563] Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees
Abstract Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Iva Franić) 17 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04171563
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[hal-01186876] Effects of the Training Dataset Characteristics on the Performance of Nine Species Distribution Models: Application to Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
Many distribution models developed to predict the presence/absence of invasive alien species need to be fitted to a training dataset before practical use. The training dataset is characterized by the number of recorded presences/absences and by their geographical locations. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of the training dataset characteristics on model performance and to compare the relative importance of three factors influencing model predictive capability; size of training dataset, stage of the biological invasion, and choice of input variables. Nine models were assessed for their ability to predict the distribution of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, a major pest of corn in North America that has recently invaded Europe. Twenty-six training datasets of various sizes (from 10 to 428 presence records) corresponding to two different stages of invasion (1955 and 1980) and three sets of input bioclimatic variables (19 variables, six variables selected using information on insect biology, and three linear combinations of 19 variables derived from Principal Component Analysis) were considered. The models were fitted to each training dataset in turn and their performance was assessed using independent data from North America and Europe. The models were ranked according to the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve and the likelihood ratio. Model performance was highly sensitive to the geographical area used for calibration; most of the models performed poorly when fitted to a restricted area corresponding to an early stage of the invasion. Our results also showed that Principal Component Analysis was useful in reducing the number of model input variables for the models that performed poorly with 19 input variables. DOMAIN, Environmental Distance, MAXENT, and Envelope Score were the most accurate models but all the models tested in this study led to a substantial rate of mis-classification.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maxime Dupin) 29 May 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01186876
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[hal-02763395] Reasons for and effects of changes in the parasitoid complex of the horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)
The parasitism of the horse chestnut leafminer remains at a low level in Europe since many years. As a consequence, horse chestnuts in regions with more than 20 years of C. ohridella infestation still suffer from heavy leafminer attack.However, results of our investigations show changes in the parasitoid complex over the years, reflecting three different strategies exemplified by three parasitoidspecies. (1) The abundance of the most common parasitoid, Minotetrastichus frontalis, seems to remain at the same low level, indicating that the parasitoid does not actively search for special leafminer hosts but rather encounter them by chance. The relative impact of these species decreases as other parasitoids gain importance. (2) Other species, like Pediobius saulius, seem to undergo a slow adaptation process. Their relative importance in the parasitoid complex increases at many locations infested for a long time. In the long run, parasitism of these species may reach levels exhibiting a controlling effect on the leafminer's populations. (3) A third group of species seems to follow the spread of its new host and invade new regions. Starting in the year 2000, the originally eastern European species Cirrospilus talitzkii was recorded from C. ohridella in countries where it has never been found before on any other leafminer. Meanwhile, the species can be found as a regular element of the parasitoid complex of the horse chestnut leafminer in many south and central European countries. To the present, these changes in the parasitoid complex have no significant impact on overall parasitism of C. ohridella. However, there are measurable effects, like an increasing rate of pupal parasitism due to the action of P. saulius. In the long run, changes in the parasitoid spectrum of the horse chestnut leafminer may increase the impact of parasitism and contribute substantially to the control of the invasive species in future.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Giselher Grabenweger) 04 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02763395
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[hal-03656069] Phylogenetic, functional and taxonomic responses of wild bee communities along urbanisation gradients
Increasing urbanisation is one of the primary drivers of land-use change that threaten biodiversity. Wild bee communities have been reported with contrasting responses to urbanisation, with varying effects on abundance and taxonomical diversity. The suite of functional traits exhibited by wild bee species might determine their persistence in urban areas. Urbanisation thus can impose an environmental filter with potential consequences on the functional and phylogenetical diversity of wild bee communities.Here, we sampled 2944 wild bee specimens from 156 species in 29 sites located along an urbanisation gradient using a replicated design in three mid-sized cities in the Loire valley (France). We show that urban landscape cover has a negative effect on overall species richness and taxonomical diversity indices, while total abundance remains constant. Species loss was taxon dependent, mainly driven by Andrenidae and Halictidae. Only a few species, especially of the genus Lasioglossum, were positively affected by the urban landscape cover.Urban and peri-urban areas differed in their composition of bee assemblages. Species turnover was the main component of beta diversity, driving community dissimilarities through the urban gradient. Urbanisation favours bees with small body sizes, social structure and extended flight periods but did not affect the phylogenetic or the functional diversity of communities.Our findings have implications for understanding the factors involved in the environmental filter exerted through the urban gradient on bee communities helping to implement conservation measures and managing urban spaces for bees.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Irene Villalta) 22 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03656069
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[hal-01594930] Réponses et adaptations aux changements globaux : quels enjeux pour la recherche sur la biodiversité ? Prospective de recherche.
Réponses et adaptations aux changements globaux : quels enjeux pour la recherche sur la biodiversité ? Prospective de recherche.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Ophélie Ronce) 26 Sep 2017
https://hal.science/hal-01594930
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[anses-04608634] Avis de l'Anses relatif à « la catégorisation de Euplatypus hintzi »
Dans le cadre de la surveillance des organismes réglementés ou émergents (SORE), un dispositif de piégeage a été déployé par la DGAL1 en 2021 avec l’appui de l’INRAE et de l’ONF2. L’objectif de ce dispositif est d’effectuer une surveillance passive dans les sites d’entrée potentiels (ports, aéroports, marché d’intérêt national (MIN)) des organismes réglementés ou émergents (SORE). Ce piégeage est qualifié de « large spectre » car il peut concerner plusieurs filières de production suivies dans le cadre de la SORE (forêts, jardins et espaces verts et infrastructures (JEVI), arboriculture fruitière) en ciblant cependant majoritairement les insectes coléoptères ravageurs des ligneux. Les principes de la surveillance mise en œuvre s’appuient sur les résultats précédemment acquis dans le cadre du projet PORTRAP, utilisant des pièges génériques multi-composés pour la détection précoce d’insectes exotiques xylophages dans les sites potentiels d’entrée sur le territoire national. Les pièges ont été disposés sur 13 sites (7 ports maritimes, 1 port fluvial, 4 aéroports et 1 marché national) dispersés sur le territoire (France métropolitaine continentale). Au total 9279 individus appartenant à 110 espèces différentes ont été capturés. Aucune espèce d’insecte de quarantaine prioritaire n’a été piégée. En revanche, la présence d’individus appartenant à 8 espèces de coléoptères exotiques, a priori non présents sur notre territoire, des familles Cerambycidae et Curculionidae (sous-familles des Scolytinae et Platypodinae) a été relevée. Les 8 espèces d’insectes exotiques sont les suivantes : - Cerambycidae : Cordylomera spinicornis (Fabricius, 1775), Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann, 1835), Xylotrechus chinensis (Chevrolat, 1852), Xylotrechus stebbingi Gahan, 1906 ; - Curculionidae : Amasa sp. near truncata, Euplatypus hintzii (Schaufuss, 1897), Euplatypus parallelus (Fabricius, 1801), Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, 1868.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jean-Claude Gregoire) 11 Jun 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04608634
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[hal-02763198] Determining the suitability of a European cone weevil, Pissodes validirostris, for biological control of invasive pines in South Africa
Several Mediterranean pine species introduced to South Africa have become invasive plants which displace native flora and deplete limited water resources. A proposal to release host-specific, seeddestroying insects to arrest these pine invasions has created a potential conflict with the lucrative forest industry which is predominantly based on pine species from North America. A survey of European cone insects revealed that pine cones are heavily damaged by larvae of a cone weevil, Pissodes validirostris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). To determine the host specificity, weevils were collected on 10 pine species throughout Europe. Adult responses to European and North American Pinus species were recorded using both natural choice tests and no-choice tests. Cone use was significantly dependent on the larval host of the weevils with adults originating from northern and alpine pines (P. sylvestris group) being incapable of developing on Mediterranean pines (P. pinaster and P. pinea) and vice versa. Neither group of beetles utilized cones of five-needle pines or P. patula. Observations of adult maturationfeeding on seedlings produced similar patterns of host specificity. Morphometric and genetic (mitochondrial DNA) analyses on the different populations confirmed that P. validirostris probably consists of a complex of sibling species specialized on different host pines rather than a single generalist species. Therefore, cone weevils originating from P. pinaster appear to be suitable for release in South Africa.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alain Roques) 04 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02763198
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[hal-01690947] Novel insect-tree associations resulting from accidental and intentional biological ‘invasions’: a meta-analysis of effects on insect fitness
The translocation of species beyond their native range is a major threat to biodiversity. Invasions by tree-feeding insects attacking native trees and the colonization of introduced trees by native insects result in new insect–tree relationships. To date there is uncertainty about the key factors that influence the outcome of these novel interactions. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 346 pairwise comparisons of forest insect fitness on novel and ancient host tree species from 31 publications. Host specificity of insects and phylogenetic relatedness between ancient and novel host trees emerged as key factors influencing insect fitness. Overall, fitness was significantly lower on novel host species than on ancient hosts. However, in some cases, fitness increased on novel hosts, mainly in polyphagous insects or when close relatives of ancient host trees were colonized. Our synthesis enables greatly improved impact prediction and risk assessment of biological invasions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Coralie Bertheau) 23 Jan 2018
https://hal.science/hal-01690947
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[pasteur-01133499] Assessment of genetic and pheromonal diversity of the Cydia strobilella species complex (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Combining pheromone trapping and genetic analyses can be useful when trying to resolve complexes of closely related insect taxa that are difficult to distinguish based on morphological characters. Nearctic and Palearctic populations of the spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella L., have been considered taxonomically synonymous since 1983, but more recent work revealing distinct sex pheromones for Canadian and Swedish moths suggest that populations in the two regions belong to different species. In order to test this hypothesis, we performed field trapping using different pheromone lures at ten sites in North America, Europe and Asia, and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among trapped moths using mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (elongation factor 1 alpha) DNA sequence data. Trapping data and tree topologies for both genes revealed distinct pherotypes in North America and Eurasia. A genetically distinct population from China was investigated further with respect to its sex pheromone. Electrophysiological data indicated that Chinese females produce a deviant ratio of the sex pheromone components (dienic acetates) compared to Swedish females. However, trapping experiments in both areas revealed a similar broad response profile in males to a wide range of acetate ratios, and these populations should be considered taxonomically synonymous. A previous suggestion of an agonistic effect on the attraction of C. strobilella males in Sweden when adding the corresponding alcohols to the binary acetate blend was also tested in Sweden as well as in China, with no observed effect on attraction of males. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the great potential of using pheromone trapping as a tool for identification and delimitation of taxa within cryptic species complexes. Based on our data, Nearctic and Palearctic populations of C. strobilella should be considered different species, and C. youngana Kearfott stat. rev. is resurrected here as valid name for North American populations, which was the case before the revision in 1983.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Glenn P. Svensson) 19 Mar 2015
https://riip.hal.science/pasteur-01133499
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[hal-03846951] A large-scale dataset reveals taxonomic and functional specificities of wild bee communities in urban habitats of Western Europe
Wild bees are declining, mainly due to the expansion of urban habitats that have led to land-use changes. Effects of urbanization on wild bee communities are still unclear, as shown by contrasting reports on their species and functional diversities in urban habitats. To address this current controversy, we built a large dataset, merging 16 surveys carried out in 3 countries of Western Europe during the past decades, and tested whether urbanization influences local wild bee taxonomic and functional community composition. These surveys encompassed a range of urbanization levels, that were quantified using two complementary metrics: the proportion of impervious surfaces and the human population density. Urban expansion, when measured as a proportion of impervious surfaces, but not as human population density, was significantly and negatively correlated with wild bee community species richness. Taxonomic dissimilarity of the bee community was independent of both urbanization metrics. However, occurrence rates of functional traits revealed significant differences between lightly and highly urbanized communities, for both urbanization metrics. With higher human population density, probabilities of occurrence of above-ground nesters, generalist and small species increased. With higher soil sealing, probabilities of occurrence of above-ground nesters, generalists and social bees increased as well. Overall, these results, based on a large European dataset, suggest that urbanization can have negative impacts on wild bee diversity. They further identify some traits favored in urban environments, showing that several wild bee species can thrive in cities.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Arthur Fauviau) 10 Nov 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03846951
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[hal-03366792] Preventing invasions of Asian longhorn beetle and citrus longhorn beetle: are we on the right track?
Two Asian longhorn beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis, are among the most serious alien invasive species attacking forest and urban trees, both in North America and Europe. Major efforts have been put into preventing further entry and establishment of the two species as well as promoting their successful eradication. Here, we review these efforts, their progress and outcome, and scientific advancements in monitoring and control methods. The combined international activities and harmonizing legislative changes in detection and eradication methods have proven worthwhile, with more than 45% of eradication programmes successful in the last 12 years. Some countries were able to completely eradicate all populations and others managed to reduce the area affected. Although the costs of the eradication programmes can be very high, the benefits outweigh inaction. Attempts to eradicate A. chinensis have been more challenging in comparison with those targeting A. glabripennis. For both species, efforts are hampered by the ongoing arrival of new beetles, both from their native regions in Asia and from other invaded regions via bridgehead effects. The methods used for eradication have not changed much during the last decade, and host removal is still the method most commonly used. On the other hand, detection methods have diversified during the last decade with advances in semiochemical research and use of detection dogs. The next decade will determine if eradications continue to be successful, particularly in the case of A. chinensis, which has been targeted in some countries for containment instead of eradication. Key Message: • Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis are invasive wood borers native to Asia • Both species are serious pests in their invaded range, attacking healthy forest and urban trees • We analyse data from 2008–2020, regarding interceptions, establishments and eradications • In Europe and North America more than 45% of eradication programmes were successful • Innovations on management strategies and recent scientific achievements are reviewed
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sofia Branco) 05 Oct 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03366792
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[hal-03881017] Multi-omics and multi-tissues data to improve the understanding of heat stress adaptation mechanisms
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Guilhem Huau) 01 Dec 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03881017
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[tel-04622319] Approches génomiques pour la biodétection d'insectes invasifs forestiers
Les invasions biologiques, en particulier celles d'insectes xylophages comme les Cérambycides, sont en constante augmentation, principalement en raison du changement climatique et de l'intensification des échanges commerciaux. Ces insectes, transportés principalement par le commerce international du bois, s'établissent dans de nouveaux écosystèmes dans lesquels ils n'ont pas forcément d'ennemis naturels. Une fois établis, ils peuvent causer des dégâts considérables aux forêts et aux zones urbanisées, menaçant ainsi la biodiversité, l'économie et la santé des écosystèmes. Ces invasions nécessitent donc une surveillance et une gestion rigoureuses pour prévenir et atténuer leurs impacts dévastateurs.Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour objectifs principaux : (i) évaluer l'efficacité du métabarcoding, une méthode permettant d'identifier simultanément et rapidement plusieurs espèces d'insectes collectées dans un même piège, en utilisant le séquenceur MinION d'Oxford Nanopore®. Ce séquenceur présente l'avantage d'être portatif et peu couteux, le rendant ainsi plus accessible que les technologies concurrentes. (ii) Créer une librairie de référence de codes-barres moléculaires pour les Cerambycides européens afin de fournir à la communauté scientifique une base de données pour effectuer des analyses fiables d'identification basées sur l'ADN. (iii) Étudier la structure génétique des populations invasives d'une espèce exotique introduit dans le bassin méditerranéen (Xylotrechus stebbingi) afin de mieux comprendre sa dynamique d'invasion de cet insecte originaire d'Asie.Concernant le premier objectif de cette thèse, nos résultats ont montré que le séquenceur MinION d'Oxford Nanopore® était performant pour la détection et l'identification rapide d'espèces invasives, par comparaison aux technologies de séquençage Illumina® et IonTorrent. Nos résultats montrent également que la méthode de piégeage et de préservation des échantillons dans les pièges est un prérequis essentiel qui conditionne la détection fiable des espèces présentes dans les échantillons. En ce qui concerne le deuxième chapitre, nous avons pu assembler 2928 séquences de codes-barres ADN pour 147 espèces de cérambycidés, soit plus de 79% des 185 espèces capturées en Europe à l'aide de pièges multi-phéromonaux. Cette nouvelle base de données pourrait être utilisée pour identifier avec précision le contenu des pièges multi-phéromonaux déployés en Europe lors d'analyses de codes-barres ou de métabarcodes. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre de cette thèse, nous avons mis en évidence que l'invasion du xylophage Xylotrechus stebbingi dans le bassin méditerranéen résultait d'une série d'introductions multiples, probablement en lien avec les échanges commerciaux maritimes plutôt qu'à une unique introduction qui se serait propagée au fil du temps. Ces résultats impliquent que cette espèce, hautement polyphage et à fort potentiel invasif, risque d'envahir de nouvelles régions du monde (en dehors du bassin méditerranéen) dans les prochaines années via le transport maritime. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire de rester vigilant dans les zones portuaires afin de limiter au maximum la propagation de cet insecte.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Loïs Veillat) 24 Jun 2024
https://theses.hal.science/tel-04622319
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[hal-04530082] Vicia sativa subsp. sativa native to the Middle East comprises Pea Albumin1 b-like homologs: A promising natural biopesticide
The extensive and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides in agriculture has led to adverse effects on human health, environmental pollution, and the emergence of pesticide-resistant pests. To mitigate these challenges, the development of environmentally friendly alternatives is crucial, with biopesticides emerging as promising solutions such as peptides. Legume seeds naturally contain diverse insecticidal peptides or proteins to combat pest attacks. One such peptide is PA1b (Pea Albumin 1, subunit b), a 37 amino acid extracted from pea seeds (Pisum sativum). PA1b has shown significant potential in controlling cereal weevils (Sitophilus spp.), a major pest of stored cereals. Here, we screened PA1b-like peptides in five wild seeds of vetches (Vicia sativa subsp. sativa) from the Middle East. Using a comprehensive set of biochemical, biological, and molecular techniques, we characterized different PA1b homologs and assessed their toxicity and expression profiles. Our results reveal that PA1b homolog from Vicia sativa subsp. sativa originating from turkey displays outstanding insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae through binding to the receptor site found in the midgut of the insect. Moreover, it exhibits a strong cytotoxic effect against Sf9 cells. This cysteine-rich peptide shows sequence identity and the same hydrophobic pole as AG41, a tenfold more toxic isoform of PA1b from Medicago truncatula. Such observations pave the way for the development of bioinsecticides, with PA1b-like peptides as lead compounds.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (F. Diya) 02 Apr 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04530082
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[anses-04415035] Analyse des risques sanitaires liés à l’exposition aux chenilles émettrices de poils urticants et élaboration de recommandations de gestion
Les chenilles de Lépidoptères tels que les processionnaires du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Denis et Schiffermüller 1775) et du chêne (Thaumetopoea processionea L. 1758), le bombyx cul-brun (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. 1758) et la Lithosie quadrille (Lithosia quadra L. 1758), produisent des poils urticants qui, par contact direct cutané ou par inhalation, peuvent entraîner des réactions urticariennes ou allergiques chez l’espèce humaine avec un impact sanitaire significatif en cas de pullulation. Ces espèces peuvent, de plus, avoir des impacts sur certains végétaux (chêne, pin, etc.) et animaux (chien, chat, animaux d’élevage, etc.).Plusieurs espèces de ces Lépidoptères semblent accroître d’année en année leur airede répartition sur le territoire national, telle que la processionnaire du pin dont la présence était limitée historiquement au sud de la Loire et qui remonte graduellement vers le nord et en altitude à la faveur du dérèglement climatique. Le dérèglement climatique pourrait également avoir un impact sur l’évolution de l’aire de répartition et la phénologie des autres espèces de Lépidoptères à chenilles urticantes. Les chenilles émettrices de poils urticants constituent ainsi un enjeu de santé globale (en France hexagonale et ultramarine) dans les zones où elles sont déjà présentes ou dans des zones indemnes qu’elles pourraient coloniser dans un avenir proche.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nicolas Desneux) 24 Jan 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04415035
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[hal-03045949] Grassland-to-crop conversion in agricultural landscapes has lasting impact on the trait diversity of bees
Context Global pollinator decline has motivated much research to understand the underlying mechanisms. Among the multiple pressures threatening pollinators, habitat loss has been suggested as a key-contributing factor. While habitat destruction is often associated with immediate negative impacts, pollinators can also exhibit delayed responses over time. Objectives We used a trait-based approach to investigate how past and current land use at both local and landscape levels impact plant and wild bee communities in grasslands through a functional lens. Methods We measured flower and bee morphological traits that mediate plant–bee trophic linkage in 66 grasslands. Using an extensive database of 20 years of land-use records, we tested the legacy effects of the landscape-level conversion of grassland to crop on flower and bee trait diversity. Results Land-use history was a strong driver of flower and bee trait diversity in grasslands. Particularly, bee trait diversity was lower in landscapes where much of the land was converted from grassland to crop long ago. Bee trait diversity was also strongly driven by plant trait diversity computed with flower traits. However, this relationship was not observed in landscapes with a long history of grassland-to-crop conversion. The effects of land-use history on bee communities were as strong as those of current land use, such as grassland or mass-flowering crop cover in the landscape. Conclusions Habitat loss that occurred long ago in agricultural landscapes alters the relationship between plants and bees over time. The retention of permanent grassland sanctuaries within intensive agricultural landscapes can offset bee decline.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Gaëtane Le Provost) 17 Oct 2023
https://hal.science/hal-03045949
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[hal-04236301] The evolutionary history of capital-breeding moths through the lens of wild silkmoths (Saturniidae) phylogenomics
Wild silkmoths (Saturniidae) are large capital-breeding insects with non-feeding adults that have short lifespan entirely devoted to reproduction. They exhibit a dazzling diversity of sizes, forms, and life-histories inviting questions about the role that key traits may have played in spurring out species diversification and biogeographical movements in organisms with such extreme reproductive strategy. Yet, the absence of a robust phylogenetic framework based on comprehensive taxonomic sampling impedes our understanding of their evolutionary history. We analyzed 1,024 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and their flanking regions to infer the relationships among 338 species of Saturniidae representing all subfamilies, tribes, and genera. We performed dating and historical biogeographic analyses to reconstruct their evolutionary history in space and time. Rather unexpectedly for a taxonomically well-known family such as Saturniidae, the alignment of taxonomic divisions and ranks with our phylogenetic results led us to propose substantial rearrangements of the family classification. Saturniids most likely originated in the Neotropics, shortly after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event (ca 64.0-52.0 Ma). Old World lineages stemmed from two independent colonization events during the Eocene, presumably through the Bering-Land-Bridge. Extant subfamilies showed limited mobility across biogeographical regions, except for Saturniinae, a subfamily now present on all continents but Antarctica. These results provide a framework for the integration of saturniid evolutionary history into further global studies of biodiversity and conservation, as well as for in-depth investigations of the spatial and temporal dynamics in all lineages and of the role that key innovations played in driving species diversification of these capital-breeding moths.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Rodolphe Rougerie) 10 Oct 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04236301
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[hal-03419963] Functional and taxonomic responses of tropical moth communities to deforestation
Global insect decline has recently become a cause for major concern, particularly in the tropics where the vast majority of species occurs. Deforestation is suggested as being a major driver of this decline, but how anthropogenic changes in landscape structure affect tropical insect communities has rarely been addressed. We sampled Saturniidae and Sphingidae moths on 27 farms located in Brazilian Amazonia (Para state) and characterised by different deforestation histories. We used functional traits (forewing length, body mass, wing load, trophic niche breadth and resource use strategy), analysed by combining RLQ and null model analyses, to investigate the responses of their taxonomic and functional diversity to landscape change dynamics and current structure. We found that communities had a higher proportion of large and polyphagous species with low wing load in landscapes with low forest quality and relative cover and high land use turnover. This was mainly due to a significant response to deforestation by saturniids, whereas the more mobile sphingids showed no significant landscape-related pattern. We also observed an overall increase of species richness and functional dispersion in landscapes that have been deforested for a long time when compared with more recent agricultural settlements. Our results highlight the complex way in which landscape structure and historical dynamics interact to shape Neotropical moth communities and that saturniid moths respond clearly to the structure of the surrounding landscape, confirming their potential use as an indicator group for environmental monitoring programmes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Yenny Correa‐carmona) 30 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03419963
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[hal-03475845] Drought-induced forest dieback increases taxonomic and functional diversity but not phylogenetic diversity of saproxylic beetles at both local and landscape scales
Context: Forest ecosystems worldwide are facing increasing drought-induced dieback, causing mortality patches across the landscape at multiple scales. This increases the supply of biological legacies and differentially affects forest insect communities. Objectives: We analysed the relative effects of local- and landscape-level dieback on local saproxylic beetle assemblages. We assessed how classic concepts in spatial ecology (e.g. habitat-amount and habitat-patch hypotheses) are involved in relationships between multi-scale spatial patterns of available resources and local communities. Methods: We sampled saproxylic beetle assemblages in commercial fir forests in the French highlands. Through automatic aerial mapping, we used dead tree crowns to assess dieback levels at several nested spatial scales. We analysed beetle taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity related to differing levels of multi-scale dieback. Results: In line with the habitat-amount hypothesis, taxonomic and functional diversity, but not phylogenetic diversity, of beetle assemblages significantly benefitted from forest dieback, at both local and landscape scales. Very few single or interaction effects were detected in the multiplicative models combining local and landscape variables, though a significant positive effect of landscape-scale dieback on the abundance of cavity- and fungus-dwelling species was consistent with a spill-over effect. Increased landscape-scale dieback also caused a functional specialisation of beetle assemblages, favouring those related to large-diameter, well-decayed deadwood. Conclusions: Increasing tree mortality under benign neglect provides conservation benefits by heterogenising the forest landscape and enhancing deadwood habitats. Legacy retention practices could take advantage of unharvested, declining forest stands to promote species richness and functional diversity within conventionally managed forest landscapes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jérémy Cours) 11 Dec 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03475845
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[hal-04169150] Non-destructive DNA metabarcoding of arthropods using collection medium from passive traps
Broad-scale monitoring of arthropods is often carried out with passive traps ( e.g . Malaise traps) that can collect thousands of specimens per sample. The identification of individual specimens requires time and taxonomic expertise, limiting the geographical and temporal scale of research and monitoring studies. DNA metabarcoding of bulk-sample homogenates is faster and has been found to be efficient and reliable, but is destructive and prevents a posteriori validation of species occurrences and/or relative abundances. Non-destructive DNA metabarcoding from the collection medium has been applied in a limited number of studies, but further tests of efficiency are required in a broader range of circumstances to assess the consistency of the method. Methods We quantified the detection rate of arthropod species when applying non-destructive DNA metabarcoding with a short (127-bp) fragment of mitochondrial COI on two types of passive traps and collection media: 1) water with monopropylene glycol (H 2 O–MPG) used in window-flight traps (WFT, 53 in total); 2) ethanol with monopropylene glycol (EtOH–MPG) used in Malaise traps (MT, 27 in total). We then compared our results with those obtained for the same samples using morphological identification (for WFTs) or destructive metabarcoding of bulk homogenate (for MTs). This comparison was applied as part of a larger study of arthropod species richness in silver fir ( Abies alba ) stands across a range of climate-induced tree dieback levels and forest management strategies. Results Of the 53 H 2 O-MPG samples from WFTs, 16 produced no metabarcoding results, while the remaining 37 samples yielded 77 arthropod MOTUs in total. None of those MOTUs were shared species with the 389 morphological taxa (343 of which were Coleoptera) obtained from the same traps. Metabarcoding of 26 EtOH–MPG samples from MTs detected more arthropod MOTUs (233) and insect orders (11) than destructive metabarcoding of homogenate (146 MOTUs, 8 orders). Arachnida and Collembola were more diverse in EtOH-MPG samples, but Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera were less represented than in homogenate. Overall, MOTU richness per trap similar for EtOH–MPG (21.81 MOTUs) than for homogenate (32.4 MOTUs). Arthropod communities from EtOH–MPG and homogenate metabarcoding were relatively distinct, with 162 MOTUs (53%) unique to the collection medium and only 71 MOTUs (23%) present in both treatments. Finally, collection medium did not reveal any significant changes in arthropod richness along a disturbance gradient in silver fir forests. We conclude that DNA metabarcoding of collection medium can be used to complement homogenate metabarcoding in inventories to favour the detection of soft-bodied arthropods like spiders.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucas Sire) 24 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04169150
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[hal-03533022] Plasticity of feeding behaviour traits in response to production environment (temperate vs. tropical) in group-housed growing pigs
Heat stress affects pig metabolism, health and welfare, resulting in reduced growth and important economic losses. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of two climatic environments [temperate (TEMP) vs. tropical humid (TROP)] on feeding behaviour in growing pigs. The feeding behaviour traits were measured with automated feeders and included: daily feed intake, daily eating time, feeding rate, daily number of meals, feed intake per meal, and feeding time per meal. Pigs came from a backcross population between Large White (LW, heat sensitive) and Creole (CR, heat tolerant) pigs. The same 10 F1 LW × CR boars (sire families [SF]) were mated with related LW sows in each environment. Feeding behaviour was recorded for a total of 1,296 pigs (n = 634 pigs for TEMP and n = 662 pigs for TROP) between 11 and 23 weeks of age. Growth performance and thermoregulatory responses (rectal and skin temperatures) were also measured. Results show that TROP conditions affect feeding behaviour traits: animals had more meals per day but these meals were smaller both in duration and in size, resulting in lower daily feed intake and less time eating per day. Significant SF by environment (GxE) interactions were found for all feeding behaviour traits. When SF were distributed into robust and sensitive groups (previously defined according to performance and thermoregulatory traits), results showed group by environment interactions for all feeding traits, except meal frequency. Moreover, a significant difference in feeding rate between robust and sensitive group was detected in TEMP, suggesting that feeding rate may be a good candidate to evaluate heat tolerance.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nausicaa Poullet) 25 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03533022
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[hal-03700534] Drought-induced forest dieback increases taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of saproxylic beetles at both local and landscape scales
Context: Many forest ecosystems around the world are facing increasing drought-induced dieback, causing mortality patches across the landscape at multiple scales. This increases the supply of biological legacies and differentially affects forest insect communities. Objectives; We analysed the relative effects of local-and landscape-level dieback on local saproxylic beetle assemblages. We assessed how classical concepts in spatial ecology (e.g., habitat-amount and habitat-patch hypotheses) are involved in relationships between multi-scale spatial patterns of available resources and local communities. Methods: We sampled saproxylic beetle assemblages in commercial fir forests in the French highlands. Through automatic aerial mapping, we used percentage of dead tree crown pixels to assess dieback levels at several nested spatial scales. We analysed beetle taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity related to differing levels of multi-scale dieback. Results: We found that taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of saproxylic beetle assemblages significantly benefitted from forest dieback, at both local and landscape scales. We detected significant effects in the multiplicative models combining local and landscape variables only for phylogenetic diversity. Increased landscape-scale dieback also caused a functional specialisation of beetle assemblages, favouring those related to large and welldecayed deadwood. Conclusions: Increasing tree mortality under benign neglect provides conservation benefits by heterogenising the forest landscape and enhancing deadwood habitats. Legacy retention practices could take advantage of unharvested, declining forest stands to promote species richness and functional diversity within conventionally managed forest landscapes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jérémy Cours) 07 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03700534
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[hal-03655928] DNA metabarcoding to quantify the ecological impact of forest decline on flying insect diversity in the Pyrenees
Background: Forests suffer from an increase in frequency and severity of summer droughts and infestations of pathogens and insects. Those factors cause high mortality of some keystone tree species (forest die-offs). Yet, how tree mortality and associated changes in forest composition will affect local diversity and ecosystem functions remains unknown. Here, we aim at quantifying the impact of climate- induced forest decline on biodiversity by measuring changes in the taxonomic structure of invertebrate communities along silver fir (Abies alba) dieback and salvage logging gradients in the French Pyrenees. We examine patterns of variation in species diversity of flying insect assemblages collected by Malaise traps deployed in 57 silver fir-dominated experimental plots (one Malaise trap per plot) in the central and eastern Pyrenees. Sampling was carried out each month for over 4 months (May–August 2017). Samples were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq and analyzed using the DAMe twin-tagging pipeline approach. Results: We obtained 224 bulk samples filled with a solu- tion of monopropylene glycol plus ethanol. Despite high levels of DNA degradation detected in our samples, we found no major impact on species detection, with more than 3500 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in 18 different insect orders recovered. We found large species temporal turnover (Jaccard Index: May–August = 0.35), as well as changes in community composition but no significant loss of species diversity along the forest decline gradient. Significance: There is an urgent need to obtain detailed baseline data on species assemblages to quantify the impacts of climate change. Our study assessed biodiversity patterns on a scale and with a resolution that was previously impossible and provides data essential for evaluating future biotic change. Our workflow coupling metabarcoding and Malaise trapping is simple to use and provides an affordable, reliable, and verifiable way of monitoring forest biodiversity at a large geographical scale.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucas Sire) 30 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03655928
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[hal-03655945] Insect response to climate-induced tree die-offs in the French Pyrenees
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucas Sire) 30 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03655945
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[hal-04186469] Communautés d’insectes et changement global : enjeux méthodologiques et écologiques
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christophe Bouget) 23 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04186469
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[hal-03079078] Contrasting responses of habitat conditions and insect biodiversity to pest- or climate-induced dieback in coniferous mountain forests
Natural disturbances are major drivers of forest dynamics. However, in the current context of anthropogenic global warming, shifts in disturbance regimes are expected. Natural disturbances usually leave biological or structural legacies which are important for early-successional species. Nevertheless, these legacies are usually eliminated by forest managers through salvage logging. Here, we investigated the consequences of forest dieback and the following salvage logging on both forest habitat conditions and saproxylic beetle communities. We conducted our study in two types of conifer-dominated highland forests: Pyrenean silver fir (Abies alba) which has suffered drought-induced dieback and Bavarian Norway spruce (Picea abies) which has suffered bark beetle-induced (Ips typographus) dieback. In both of the forest contexts, dieback provided a biological legacy through an increase in deadwood resources; however, this increase was much greater in the spruce forests. Nonetheless, despite this increase in resources, neither type of forest gained in total abundance or species richness after disturbance, compared to healthy stands. Nevertheless, the species composition of saproxylic beetle composition was significantly affected by dieback in spruce stands, but not in the silver fir forests. In the spruce plots, saproxylic beetles responded positively to the large increase in deadwood in the declining stands, including a very strong positive response from red listed species. Saproxylic beetle assemblages in spruce forests were mainly drove by canopy openness and deadwood amount. In the silver fir plots, we did not observed responses from the saproxylic beetle communities to deadwood amount increase. This lack of response may be explained by the relatively low amount of deadwood generated by the drought-induced dieback. Concerning salvage logging, it caused stronger contrasts in spruce forests than in silver fir forests, where it generally had no significant impact. For example, in spruce forests, salvage logging reduced the density of large snags by 91% and large logs by 87% compared with unharvested declining plots. Most of the significant environmental effects on biodiversity associated with dieback were no longer significant after accounting for the salvaged plots in our study data. Then, forest dieback and salvage logging induced much sharper and stronger effects on environmental and community metrics in the spruce than in the silver fir forests. The contrast between Bavaria and the French Pyrenees seems partly related to dieback severity. Finally, we invite forest managers to conserve biological and structural legacies through patches of deadwood-rich areas.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jérémy Cours) 07 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03079078
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[hal-03186538] The ecological impact of pest-induced tree dieback on insect biodiversity in Yunnan pine plantations, China
China has recently announced a reform of forestry policy, with a major goal being to transform from plantation to heterogeneous forests, which have higher resistance to pests and disease and house more biodiversity. One driver of reform is increased intensity and frequency of pest-induced tree-dieback events. To inform management, we ask what effects these events have on insect biodiversity in Pinus yunnanensis monocultures in Yunnan province, the province with one of the highest proportions of forest cover in China. We sampled aerial arthropods (mostly insect) biodiversity along gradients of Pinus yunnanensis dieback severity using Malaise traps and used metabarcoding to characterise the insect community. We used MS-GDM ('multi-site generalized dissimilarity modelling of zeta diversity'), zeta-decline analysis, and iNEXT ('Interpolation and extrapolation for species diversity') to assess community change as functions of forest-structure covariates. Metabarcoding of Malaisetrapped insects reveals that bark-beetle induced forest dieback does not result in detectable differences in species diversity but does result in compositional change, with the biggest turnover occurring between 0% and infested-0%-open-canopy forests and 20%-infested-20%-open-canopy forests. Zeta-decline analysis found that the insect community in low-infestation forests is characterized by a stochastic assembly, while in highinfestation forests, the community structure is consistent with niche assembly. Our results thus suggest that bark-beetle dieback mimics natural forest-gap dynamics, consistent with the interpretation of bark beetles as a keystone species in European conifer forests, where it has been proposed that forest heterogeneity can be created efficiently by allowing natural disturbances, including bark-beetle outbreaks, to proceed naturally, without being mitigated by deadwood removal and dense replanting. In Yunnan's situation, and given predicted increases in bark-beetle dieback severity and frequency, this strategy should probably be supplemented with anthropogenic treatments, such as deadwood enhancement and planting of multiple tree species, to accelerate the succession of plantations into heterogeneous forests.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Wang Cai) 31 Mar 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03186538
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[hal-03206694] Climate-induced forest dieback drives compositional change in insect communities that is concentrated amongst rare species
Marked decline in insect species richness, abundance and biomass have recently been quantified in Europe. We metabarcoded 224 Malaise-trap samples to investigate whether drought-induced forest dieback and subsequent salvage logging have an impact on flying insects (ca. 3000 insect species) in silver fir Pyrenean forests. We found no evidence that climate-induced forest dieback impacted species richness of flying insects but revealed compositional turnover patterns consistent with those seen during natural forest succession, given that the key covariates explaining compositional variation were canopy openness versus microhabitat diversity and deadwood amount at local and landscape scales, respectively. Importantly, most change was driven by rare species. In contrast, observed levels of salvage logging did not explain change in species richness or composition. Hence, although forest dieback appears to cause changes in species assemblages mimicking natural forest succession, it also increases the risk of catastrophic loss of rare species through homogenization of environmental conditions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucas Sire) 23 Apr 2021
https://univ-tours.hal.science/hal-03206694
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[hal-03655983] Non-Destructive DNA metabarcoding of insects for forest biomonitoring
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucas Sire) 30 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03655983
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[hal-04385991] Persisting roadblocks in arthropod monitoring using non-destructive metabarcoding from collection media of passive traps
Background Broad-scale monitoring of arthropods is often carried out with passive traps ( e.g., Malaise traps) that can collect thousands of specimens per sample. The identification of individual specimens requires time and taxonomic expertise, limiting the geographical and temporal scale of research and monitoring studies. DNA metabarcoding of bulk-sample homogenates has been found to be faster, efficient and reliable, but the destruction of samples prevents a posteriori validation of species occurrences and relative abundances. Non-destructive metabarcoding of DNA extracted from collection medium has been applied in a limited number of studies, but further tests of efficiency are required with different trap types and collection media to assess the consistency of the method. Methods We quantified the detection rate of arthropod species when applying non-destructive DNA metabarcoding with a short (127-bp) fragment of mitochondrial COI on two combinations of passive traps and collection media: (1) water with monopropylene glycol (H 2 O–MPG) used in window-flight traps (WFT, 53 in total); (2) ethanol with monopropylene glycol (EtOH–MPG) used in Malaise traps (MT, 27 in total). We then compared our results with those obtained for the same samples using morphological identification (for WFTs) or destructive metabarcoding of bulk homogenate (for MTs). This comparison was applied as part of a larger study of arthropod species richness in silver fir ( Abies alba Mill., 1759) stands across a range of climate-induced tree dieback levels and forest management strategies. Results Of the 53 H 2 O-MPG samples from WFTs, 16 produced no metabarcoding results, while the remaining 37 samples yielded 77 arthropod MOTUs in total, of which none matched any of the 343 beetle species morphologically identified from the same traps. Metabarcoding of 26 EtOH–MPG samples from MTs detected more arthropod MOTUs (233) than destructive metabarcoding of homogenate (146 MOTUs, 8 orders), of which 71 were shared MOTUs, though MOTU richness per trap was similar between treatments. While we acknowledge the failure of metabarcoding from WFT-derived collection medium (H 2 O–MPG), the treatment of EtOH-based Malaise trapping medium remains promising. We conclude however that DNA metabarcoding from collection medium still requires further methodological developments and cannot replace homogenate metabarcoding as an approach for arthropod monitoring. It can be used nonetheless as a complementary treatment when enhancing the detection of soft-bodied arthropods like spiders and Diptera.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucas Sire) 12 Jan 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04385991
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[hal-03555250] Climate-induced forest dieback drives compositional changes in insect communities that are more pronounced for rare species
Species richness, abundance and biomass of insects have recently undergone marked declines in Europe. We metabarcoded 211 Malaise-trap samples to investigate whether drought-induced forest dieback and subsequent salvage logging had an impact on ca. 3000 species of flying insects in silver fir Pyrenean forests. While forest dieback had no measurable impact on species richness, there were significant changes in community composition that were consistent with those observed during natural forest succession. Importantly, most observed changes were driven by rare species. Variation was explained primarily by canopy openness at the local scale, and the tree-related microhabitat diversity and deadwood amount at landscape scales. The levels of salvage logging in our study did not explain compositional changes. We conclude that forest dieback drives changes in species assemblages that mimic natural forest succession, and markedly increases the risk of catastrophic loss of rare species through homogenization of environmental conditions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucas Sire) 03 Feb 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03555250
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[hal-04449380] Multi-tissue metabolic and transcriptomic responses to a short-term heat stress in swine
Background Heat stress (HS) is an increasing threat for pig production with a wide range of impacts. When submitted to high temperatures, pigs will use a variety of strategies to alleviate the effect of HS. While systemic adaptations are well known, tissue-specific changes remain poorly understood. In this study, thirty-two pigs were submitted to a 5-day HS at 32 °C. Results Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed on several tissues. The results revealed differentially expressed genes and metabolites in different tissues. Specifically, 481, 1774, 71, 1572, 17, 164, and 169 genes were differentially expressed in muscle, adipose tissue, liver, blood, thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands, respectively. Regulatory glands (pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal) had a lower number of regulated genes, perhaps indicating an earlier sensitivity to HS. In addition, 7, 8, 2, and 8 metabolites were differentially produced in muscle, liver, plasma, and urine, respectively. The study also focused on the oxidative stress pathway in muscle and liver by performing a correlation analysis between genes and metabolites. Conclusions This study has identified various adaptation mechanisms in swine that enable them to cope with heat stress (HS). These mechanisms include a global decrease in energetic metabolism, as well as changes in metabolic precursors that are linked with protein and lipid catabolism and anabolism. Notably, the adaptation mechanisms differ significantly between regulatory (pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands) and effector tissues (muscle, adipose tissue, liver and blood). Our findings provide new insights into the comprehension of HS adaptation mechanisms in swine.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Guilhem Huau) 12 Feb 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04449380
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[hal-02799903] Natural history of the Processionary Moths (Thaumetopoea spp.): New insights in relation to climate change
It is difficult to find a genus of Lepidoptera showing the high variability of life history traits observed in Thaumetopoea. There are typical summer feeding close to winter feeding species, and in one special case a recent switch has been detected even within one species, the pine processionary moth, indicating that the natural history traits are constantly evolving at a fast rate. There are species adapted to cold conditions of high mountains and high latitude close to truly Mediterranean and sub-desert region species. All species have gregarious behaviour as larva and are protected against vertebrate predators by urticating setae.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Andrea Battisti) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02799903
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[hal-02748530] Strong phylogeographic pattern in the pine cone weevil: The relative contributions of vicariance versus evolutionary histories of pine hosts
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Geraldine Roux-Morabito) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02748530
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[hal-02799280] Climate Warming and Past and Present Distribution of the Processionary Moths (Thaumetopoea spp.) in Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa
Pine processionary moth, Thaumetopea pityocampa, is a model insect indicator of global warming, the northwards and upwards range expansion of this Mediterranean species being directly associated with the recent warming up. The knowledge about the drivers of moth expansion is synthesized. A first standardized mapping of the northern expansion edge, from Western Europe to Turkey, is presented, then detailed for 20 countries of Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa, including future trends. Additional data about the responses of the other Thaumetopoea species are given. Finally, the chapter points out the importance of the man-mediated introductions in the expansion process.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alain Roques) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02799280
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[hal-02683543] Expansion of geographic range in the pine processionary moth caused by increased winter temperatures
Global warming is predicted to cause distributional changes in organisms whose geographic ranges are controlled by temperature. We report a recent latitudinal and altitudinal expansion of the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, whose larvae build silk nests and feed on pine foliage in the winter. In north-central France (Paris Basin), its range boundary has shifted by 87 km northwards between 1972 and 2004; in northern Italy (Alps), an altitudinal shift of 110–230 m upwards occurred between 1975 and 2004. By experimentally linking winter temperature, feeding activity, and survival of T. pityocampa larvae, we attribute the expansions to increased winter survival due to a warming trend over the past three decades. In the laboratory we determined the minimum nest and night air temperatures required for larval feeding and developed a mechanistic model based on these temperature thresholds. We tested the model in a translocation experiment that employed natural temperature gradients as spatial analogues for global warming. In all transects we transferred colonies of T. pityocampa larvae to sites within zones of historical distribution, recent distribution, and outside the present range. We monitored air and nest temperature, incoming solar radiation, larval phenology, feeding activity, and survival. Early-season temperature effects on phenology were evident, with delayed development of colonies in the more extreme (colder) sites. In the coldest months, our model was consistent with the observed patterns of feeding activity: Feeding was progressively reduced with increasing latitude or elevation, as predicted by the lower number of hours when the feeding threshold was reached, which negatively affected final survival. Insolation raised nest temperature and increased feeding activity on the south but not the north aspect. Prolonged temperature drops below the feeding thresholds occurred at all sites, leading to starvation and partial mortality. Nonetheless, even the most extreme sites still allowed some feeding and, consequently, up to 20% colony survival and successful pupation. Given that the present distribution of the oligophagous T. pityocampa is not constrained by the distribution of its actual or potential hosts, and that warmer winters will cause the number of hours of feeding to increase and the probability of the lower lethal temperature to decrease, we expect the trend of improved survival in previously prohibitive environments to continue, causing further latitudinal and altitudinal expansion. This work highlights the need to develop temperature-based predictive models for future range shifts of winter-limited species, with potential applications in management.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Andrea Battisti) 01 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02683543
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[hal-02800748] Natural History of the Pine Processionary Moth,Thaumetopoea pityocampa
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Dimitrios N. Avtzis) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02800748
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[hal-02659603] Modelling the effects of climate change on the potential feeding activity of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.)(Lep., Notodontidae) in France
Aim We investigated whether climate change has affected the potential feeding activity of a winter active larva, the pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea pityocampa L., and whether it may explain its range expansion. Location The study area is France and, at a smaller scale, the Paris Basin. Methods We used a statistical model derived from Huchon and Démolin [1970 Revue Forestière Française (special issue: La lutte biologique en forêt), 220–234] to test whether their model, updated with climate change, could explain the observed range expansion. Since Battisti and colleagues have recently shown that climate could affect survival of the PPM through its effect on feeding activity, we also developed a mechanistic model based on larval feeding requirements (night air temperature above 0 °C and temperature inside the nest above 9 °C on the preceding day). We reconstructed the geographical distribution of feeding activity and we compared the resulting change with the PPM range expansion. Results The statistical model did not successfully predict the observed expansion but the mechanistic model showed considerable change in the feeding activity of the PPM. In the Paris Basin, the PPM border coincided with a zone unfavourable for feeding activity in the period 1992–96. Feeding conditions became more favourable in the period 2001–04, and the PPM succeeded in crossing this zone. Over larger temporal and spatial scales improved feeding conditions in the north-western part of France were forecast by the mechanistic model. Main conclusions (1) The range distribution of the PPM in the Paris Basin is no longer limited by unfavourable feeding conditions. (2) The pattern of range expansion of the PPM is now governed mainly by its dispersal capabilities and host tree distribution. (3) At the country scale, this approach gives an approximate prediction of the potential distribution of the PPM, though the model may not be reliable in mountainous regions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Robinet) 30 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02659603
