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[anses-04415035] Analyse des risques sanitaires liés à l’exposition aux chenilles émettrices de poils urticants et élaboration de recommandations de gestion
Les chenilles de Lépidoptères tels que les processionnaires du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Denis et Schiffermüller 1775) et du chêne (Thaumetopoea processionea L. 1758), le bombyx cul-brun (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. 1758) et la Lithosie quadrille (Lithosia quadra L. 1758), produisent des poils urticants qui, par contact direct cutané ou par inhalation, peuvent entraîner des réactions urticariennes ou allergiques chez l’espèce humaine avec un impact sanitaire significatif en cas de pullulation. Ces espèces peuvent, de plus, avoir des impacts sur certains végétaux (chêne, pin, etc.) et animaux (chien, chat, animaux d’élevage, etc.).Plusieurs espèces de ces Lépidoptères semblent accroître d’année en année leur airede répartition sur le territoire national, telle que la processionnaire du pin dont la présence était limitée historiquement au sud de la Loire et qui remonte graduellement vers le nord et en altitude à la faveur du dérèglement climatique. Le dérèglement climatique pourrait également avoir un impact sur l’évolution de l’aire de répartition et la phénologie des autres espèces de Lépidoptères à chenilles urticantes. Les chenilles émettrices de poils urticants constituent ainsi un enjeu de santé globale (en France hexagonale et ultramarine) dans les zones où elles sont déjà présentes ou dans des zones indemnes qu’elles pourraient coloniser dans un avenir proche.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nicolas Desneux) 24 Jan 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04415035v1
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[hal-05168055] Human contributions to global soundscapes are less predictable than the acoustic rhythms of wildlife
Across the world, human (anthropophonic) sounds add to sounds of biological (biophonic) and geophysical (geophonic) origin, with human contributions including both speech and technophony (sounds of technological devices). To characterize society’s contribution to the global soundscapes, we used passive acoustic recorders at 139 sites across 6 continents, sampling both urban green spaces and nearby pristine sites continuously for 3 years in a paired design. Recordings were characterized by bird species richness and by 14 complementary acoustic indices. By relating each index to seasonal, diurnal, climatic and anthropogenic factors, we show here that latitude, time of day and day of year each predict a substantial proportion of variation in key metrics of biophony—whereas anthropophony (speech and traffic) show less predictable patterns. Compared to pristine sites, the soundscape of urban green spaces is more dominated by technophony and less diverse in terms of acoustic energy across frequencies and time steps, with less instances of quiet. We conclude that the global soundscape is formed from a highly predictable rhythm in biophony, with added noise from geophony and anthropophony. At urban sites, animals experience an increasingly noisy background of sound, which poses challenges to efficient communication.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Panu Somervuo) 09 Oct 2025
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-05168055v1
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[hal-03366792] Preventing invasions of Asian longhorn beetle and citrus longhorn beetle: are we on the right track?
Two Asian longhorn beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis, are among the most serious alien invasive species attacking forest and urban trees, both in North America and Europe. Major efforts have been put into preventing further entry and establishment of the two species as well as promoting their successful eradication. Here, we review these efforts, their progress and outcome, and scientific advancements in monitoring and control methods. The combined international activities and harmonizing legislative changes in detection and eradication methods have proven worthwhile, with more than 45% of eradication programmes successful in the last 12 years. Some countries were able to completely eradicate all populations and others managed to reduce the area affected. Although the costs of the eradication programmes can be very high, the benefits outweigh inaction. Attempts to eradicate A. chinensis have been more challenging in comparison with those targeting A. glabripennis. For both species, efforts are hampered by the ongoing arrival of new beetles, both from their native regions in Asia and from other invaded regions via bridgehead effects. The methods used for eradication have not changed much during the last decade, and host removal is still the method most commonly used. On the other hand, detection methods have diversified during the last decade with advances in semiochemical research and use of detection dogs. The next decade will determine if eradications continue to be successful, particularly in the case of A. chinensis, which has been targeted in some countries for containment instead of eradication. Key Message: • Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis are invasive wood borers native to Asia • Both species are serious pests in their invaded range, attacking healthy forest and urban trees • We analyse data from 2008–2020, regarding interceptions, establishments and eradications • In Europe and North America more than 45% of eradication programmes were successful • Innovations on management strategies and recent scientific achievements are reviewed
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sofia Branco) 05 Oct 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03366792v1
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[hal-02799903] Natural history of the Processionary Moths (Thaumetopoea spp.): New insights in relation to climate change
It is difficult to find a genus of Lepidoptera showing the high variability of life history traits observed in Thaumetopoea. There are typical summer feeding close to winter feeding species, and in one special case a recent switch has been detected even within one species, the pine processionary moth, indicating that the natural history traits are constantly evolving at a fast rate. There are species adapted to cold conditions of high mountains and high latitude close to truly Mediterranean and sub-desert region species. All species have gregarious behaviour as larva and are protected against vertebrate predators by urticating setae.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Andrea Battisti) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02799903v1
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[hal-02790639] Using population genetics and genomic approaches to decipher the recent history of forest pest insects and improve management strategies
In the last decades, population genetics has proved to be a powerful tool to study differentiation and divergence of species at different spatial and temporal scales. Classical molecular markers, mostly mitochondrial sequences and microsatellite loci, were successfully used to characterize the natural structure of populations, to identify the environmental factors favouring or impeding gene flow, and to understand the driving forces of genetic differentiation. In the context of current global changes, population genetics was also used to disentangle the demographic processes during invasions and expansions and to characterize dispersion patterns. These approaches have often highlighted the complexity and the sometimes counterintuitive nature of the on-going scenarios. The development of new model-based methods, such as approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), allows quantitative inferences and the explicit comparison of alternative scenarios. The recent advent of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies has revolutionized the field of population genetics, and now allows the development of genome-wide approaches even in non-model organisms. These major improvements provide most powerful tools to analyse the evolution of both neutral and adaptive genetic diversity. Taking the pine processionary moth as a case example, we will illustrate how population genetics and genomics can be used in forest entomology and bring valuable answers regarding invasion and expansion processes. In particular, we could identify signs of both diffusive dispersal and long-range movements during the expansion of this species in France, which suggests man-aided movements possibly linked to host plant trade. We will also show how genomic markers (RAD-seq) were developed and allowed to deeply explore a case of recent allochronic differentiation in Portugal, which resulted in the occurrence of a phenologically-shifted and highly divergent population for which specific management strategies must be applied.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Carole Kerdelhue) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02790639v1
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[hal-03604168] Modelling the flight trajectories of Monochamus galloprovincialis in heterogeneous landscapes
Potential spread of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is driven by both insect vector and human-mediated dispersal. At local scale, dispersal capacity of the vector may explain the failure of eradication measures such as host tree removal. In Europe, the PWN is transported by the pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus galloprovincialis. Although the insect is known to disperse at short distances following mark-release-recapture experiments, the insect is able to fly rather long distances on a flight mill (cumulated distance of 16 km on average and up to 63 km). A first dispersal model was developed to describe the flight trajectory of M. galloprovincialis in non-fragmented pine forests. The shape of the dispersal kernel was fitted to the data recorded in the flight mill experiment to capture the proportion of long-distance flights compared to short-distance flights. Then, the dispersal model was refined to flight distances recorded in the field using data from the mark-recapture experiments conducted in a pine forest. Here, we will present how this model was adapted to simulate the dispersal of the insect vector in heterogeneous landscapes, e.g. a mosaic of pines, broadleaf trees, and open areas. This model was fitted to recent data from other mark-release-recapture experiments in such diverse landscapes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Robinet) 16 Mar 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03604168v1
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[hal-02799280] Climate Warming and Past and Present Distribution of the Processionary Moths (Thaumetopoea spp.) in Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa
Pine processionary moth, Thaumetopea pityocampa, is a model insect indicator of global warming, the northwards and upwards range expansion of this Mediterranean species being directly associated with the recent warming up. The knowledge about the drivers of moth expansion is synthesized. A first standardized mapping of the northern expansion edge, from Western Europe to Turkey, is presented, then detailed for 20 countries of Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa, including future trends. Additional data about the responses of the other Thaumetopoea species are given. Finally, the chapter points out the importance of the man-mediated introductions in the expansion process.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alain Roques) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02799280v1
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[hal-04160992] Management options for non-native forest pests along their invasion pathways
Editorial of a special issue of Neobiota on "Conceptual and technical innovations to better manage invasions of alien pests and pathogens in forests
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hervé Jactel) 13 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04160992v1
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[hal-02626247] Is Leptoglossus occidentalis entirely responsible for the high damage observed on cones and seeds of Pinus pinea? Results from a fertirrigation trial in Portugal
The uncertainty surrounding the part played by an invasive North American seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis, in the observed decrease in seed production of the Mediterranean pine, Pinus pinea, is a limiting factor for its management. Furthermore, the possibility of increasing cone production through irrigation and fertilization regimes is gaining interest among landowners, but its effects on insect pests are still unknown. Using bagged branches in the field, we aimed at evaluating the impact of L. occidentalis on young and mature cones of stone pine trees submitted to fertirrigation (FR) compared to trees with no treatment (C). For two consecutive years (2015 and 2016), we carried out both an insect-exclusion trial and an insect-bagged trial. In the first one, polyester-covered branches, excluding insects, were compared to branches exposed to natural insect infestation. In the second trial, bags included either two adult bugs or 3-4 third-instar nymphs, placed there for one month during mid-summer, or were kept without insects. Branch protection resulted in a significant decrease in the mortality of second-year conelets which dropped to 6% compared to 30% in exposed branches. Seed damage also decreased from 60% on exposed branches to 10% on protected ones. The presence of nymphs in the bags resulted in a mortality of second-year conelets 63% higher than in exclusion bags, whereas adults had no effect. In contrast, bags with adults presented the highest seed damage. The partial damage of the kernel can be a signature of L. occidentalis feeding since such damage was not observed in exclusion bags. Additionally, another type of seed damage, showing a wholly shrunken and dry embryo without remaining endosperm, and a reduction in the number of extractable seeds may also be attributed to this seed bug. Overall, seed damage per mature cone reached up to 12% in bags with two adult bugs enclosed for a month, i.e., twice the seed damage in protected cones. Overall, FR trees were more susceptible to both conelet mortality and seed damage. In the particular case of L. occidentalis, FR regime influenced the consumption positively by the nymphs but not by adults.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Ana Cristina Oliveira Farinha) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02626247v1
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[hal-02621251] The stone pine, Pinus pinea L., a new highly rewarding host for the invasive Leptoglossus occidentalis
The invasive seed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis, a species native to Western North America, is of major concern for the producers of stone pine seeds in the Mediterranean countries. The large size of these edible seeds and their nutritive content may represent a pull factor for the seed bug. Cone and seed traits of three main Mediterranean pine species: P. pinea, P. pinaster, and P. halepensis, were evaluated. Preference trials with cone-bearing branches, individual cones and seeds were conducted to test host preference among the three host species. Considering the kernel size, stone pine seeds provide 4 to 13 times more reward than P. pinaster and P. halepensis seeds, respectively, but also needed a greater effort to be reached as measured by coat thickness. Still, the benefit/cost ratio was higher on P. pinea. Individual seeds and cones of P. pinea were 2 to 3 times more consumed than those of the two other pine species. However, branch preference trials did not reveal any difference in hug visits. Moreover, adults manifested strong group behaviour on branches, frequently dissociating into two persisting groups. The implications of these results for P. pinea producing areas are discussed.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Ana O. Farinha) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02621251v1
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[hal-05087095] Ravageurs sur eucalyptus
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (François-Xavier Saintonge) 27 May 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05087095v1
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[hal-01603928] Recent and fast invasion in Europe: The case of the Western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis.
Recent and fast invasion in Europe: The case of the Western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis. . ICE 2016; XXV International Congress of Entomology
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie-Anne Auger-Rozenberg) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01603928v1
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[hal-02800929] Mechanisms of Host Tree Selection by the Pine Processionary Moth
The pine processionary moth is, by far, the most important insect defoliator of pine forests in Southern Europe and North Africa, both in terms of its temporal occurrence, geographic range and socioeconomic impact. Monitoring and pest management actions are therefore required on a regular basis, to ensure the detection, evaluation and mitigation of potential risks to forest and public health. However, we still lack some of the basic knowledge required for relevant analyses of the risk posed by the pine processionary moth. Pest risk is defined as a combination of three components: (1) pest occurrence, which depends on the spatiotemporal dynamics of populations; (2) plant vulnerability to the pest, resulting in a certain amount of damage; and (3) the socioeconomic impact of damage, depending on the potential value of the plants damaged (Jactel et al. 2012). The population dynamics of the processionary moth has been extensively studied, in particular within the context of climate change (see Battisti et al. 2014, Chap. 2, this volume). Several studies have recently addressed the question of tree and forest vulnerability to pine processionary attacks but a comprehensive review of evidence was missing. This is the first objective of this chapter. In particular we were interested in a better understanding of the ecological mechanisms responsible for the host tree selection, at both the species and individual tree levels. In a second part we show that pine susceptibility to the pine processionary moth could be reduced by improving forest diversity at different spatial scales. In the last part of this chapter we provide quantitative estimate of the growth losses caused by defoliations of the pine processionary moth. Altogether this information paves the way for quantitative risk analyses on pine processionary moth infestations based on forest growth models.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maria Rosa Paiva) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02800929v1
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[hal-04169153] Latitudinal gradient in avian insectivory: complementary effects of climate, habitat and bird diversity
According to the Latitudinal Biotic Interaction Hypothesis (LBIH), the general increase in biodiversity towards lower latitudes can be partially explained by an increase in the intensity of biotic interactions. While LBIH received some support for plant-herbivores interactions, much less is known about how higher trophic levels may contribute to shape biotic interactions across latitudinal gradients. We hypothesized that the diversity of insectivorous birds increases towards lower latitude, leading to higher predation rates on insect herbivores. Location Europe. Taxon Insectivorous birds and pedunculate oaks. Methods We deployed plasticine caterpillars in 138 oak trees in 47 sites along a 19° latitudinal gradient in Europe to quantify bird insectivory through predation attempts. In addition, we used passive acoustic monitoring to (i) characterize the acoustic diversity of surrounding soundscapes; and (ii) infer both taxonomic and functional diversity of insectivorous birds from recordings. Results The functional diversity of insectivorous birds increased towards lower latitude. Bird predation increased with latitude, forest cover and bird acoustic diversity but decreased with mean annual temperature and functional richness of insectivorous birds. Contrary to our predictions, latitudinal clines in bird predation attempts were not directly mediated by changes in insectivorous bird diversity or acoustic diversity, but latitude and habitat still had independent effects on predation attempts. Main conclusions Our study does not fully support the predictions of the LBIH of more biotic interactions southwards and advocates for better accounting for activity and abundance of insectivorous birds when studying the large-scale variation in insect-tree interactions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laura Schillé) 24 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04169153v1
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[hal-02800748] Natural History of the Pine Processionary Moth,Thaumetopoea pityocampa
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Dimitrios N. Avtzis) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02800748v1
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[hal-02639635] Phylogeography of the ladybird Iberorhyzobius rondensis, a potential biological control agent of the invasive alien pine bast scale Matsucoccus feytaudi
Understanding the genetic structure of natural enemies is an important step to develop efficient biocontrol programs. The ladybird Iberorhyzobius rondensis Eizaguirre (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from the Iberian Peninsula, is a specialized predator and potential biological control of Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae), an invasive alien species in Southeastern France and Italy. M. feytaudi is specialized on Pinus pinaster Aiton. The beetle is also restricted to this habitat. Genetic structure of I. rondensis populations was analysed with the barcode region (COI). It revealed two main refugia areas for the beetle in Iberian Peninsula. Comparative phylogeography of the three trophic levels, plant-herbivore-predator, is discussed. Similar population structure was found for the prey and to some extent for the pine. Indications are given on where to collect the beetles for their use in biocontrol of M. feytaudi, in order to obtain the highest genetic diversity and match with the origin of the invasive prey.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Catarina Tavares) 28 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02639635v1
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[hal-04160903] Modelling the invasion dynamics of the African citrus psyllid: The role of human-mediated dispersal and urban and peri-urban citrus trees
The African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera, Triozidae), is native to tropical Africa and invasive species in North America and Europe. The main host plants are citrus, displaying a preference for lemon trees. This psyllid was recently detected in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula, both in Spain and Portugal. Here, we used a model combining a reaction-diffusion model to a stochastic long-distance dispersal model to simulate the invasion dynamics of T. erytreae in Portugal. The psyllid spread in Portugal was simulated between 2015 and 2021 for different combinations of model parameters: two fecundity levels; spread with and without stochastic long-distance dispersal; single or two introductions of T. erytreae ; and considering or not the urban and peri-urban citrus trees, besides citrus orchards, estimated using Google Street view imagery. The incorporation of long-distance human mediated dispersal significantly improved the F1-score in the model validation using the official reports as the observed data. Concomitantly, the dispersal rate of T. erytreae in Portugal was on average about 66 km/year, whereas removing long-distance dispersal events, the observed mean was 7.8 ± 0.3 km/year. The dispersal was mainly towards the south along the coastline, where human population is concentrated. The inclusion of the estimated citrus trees outside orchards areas significantly increased the F1-score in the model validation, revealing the importance these isolated host plants hold as stepping stones for the species current invasion and possibly for other species alike.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pedro Nunes) 06 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04160903v1
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[hal-04171539] Worldwide tests of generic attractants, a promising tool for early detection of non-native cerambycid species
A large proportion of the insects which have invaded new regions and countries are emerging species, being found for the first time outside their native range. Being able to detect such species upon arrival at ports of entry before they establish in non-native countries is an urgent challenge. The deployment of traps baited with broad-spectrum semiochemical lures at ports-of-entry and other high-risk sites could be one such early detection tool. Rapid progress in the identification of semiochemicals for cerambycid beetles during the last 15 years has revealed that aggregation-sex pheromones and sex pheromones are often conserved at global levels for genera, tribes or subfamilies of the Cerambycidae. This possibly allows the development of generic attractants which attract multiple species simultaneously, especially when such pheromones are combined into blends. Here, we present the results of a worldwide field trial programme conducted during 2018–2021, using traps baited with a standardised 8-pheromone blend, usually complemented with plant volatiles. A total of 1308 traps were deployed at 302 sites covering simultaneously or sequentially 13 European countries, 10 Chinese provinces and some regions of the USA, Canada, Australia, Russia (Siberia) and the Caribbean (Martinique). We intended to test the following hypotheses: 1) if a species is regularly trapped in significant numbers by the blend on a continent, it increases the probability that it can be detected when it arrives in other countries/continents and 2) if the blend exerts an effective, generic attraction to multiple species, it is likely that previously unknown and unexpected species can be captured due to the high degree of conservation of pheromone structures within related taxa. A total of 78,321 longhorned beetles were trapped, representing 376 species from eight subfamilies, with 84 species captured in numbers greater than 50 individuals. Captures comprised 60 tribes, with 10 tribes including more than nine species trapped on different continents. Some invasive species were captured in both the native and invaded continents. This demonstrates the potential of multipheromone lures as effective tools for the detection of ‘unexpected’ cerambycid invaders, accidentally translocated outside their native ranges. Adding new pheromones with analogous well-conserved motifs is discussed, as well as the limitations of using such blends, especially for some cerambycid taxa which may be more attracted by the trap colour or other characteristics rather than to the chemical blend.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alain Roques) 27 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04171539v1
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[hal-02907131] Pathologists and entomologists must join forces against forest pest and pathogen invasions
The world’s forests have never been more threatened by invasions of exotic pests and pathogens, whose causes and impacts are reinforced by global change. However, forest entomologists and pathologists have, for too long, worked independently, used different concepts and proposed specific management methods without recognising parallels and synergies between their respective fields. Instead, we advocate increased collaboration between these two scientific communities to improve the long-term health of forests. Our arguments are that the pathways of entry of exotic pests and pathogens are often the same and that insects and fungi often coexist in the same affected trees. Innovative methods for preventing invasions, early detection and identification of non-native species, modelling of their impact and spread and prevention of damage by increasing the resistance of ecosystems can be shared for the management of both pests and diseases. We, therefore, make recommendations to foster this convergence, proposing in particular the development of interdisciplinary research programmes, the development of generic tools or methods for pest and pathogen management and capacity building for the education and training of students, managers, decision-makers and citizens concerned with forest health.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hervé Jactel) 27 Jul 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02907131v1
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[hal-02669037] Genetic isolation through time: allochronic differentiation of a phenologically atypical population of the pine processionary moth
Allochronic speciation refers to a mode of sympatric speciation in which the differentiation of populations is primarily due to a phenological shift without habitat or host change. However, it has been so far rarely documented. The present paper reports on a plausible case of allochronic differentiation between sympatric populations of the pine processionary moth ( PPM), Thaumetopoea pityocampa. The PPM is a Mediterranean insect with winter larval development. A phenologically atypical population with early adult activity and summer larval development was detected 10 years ago in Portugal. Mitochondrial and nuclear sequences strongly suggest that the 'summer' individuals are closely related to the sympatric winter population, while microsatellite data show a reduction in allelic richness, a distortion of allelic frequencies and significant genetic differentiation. Moreover, monitoring of adult flights suggests that reproductive activity does not overlap between the summer and winter populations. We postulate that the summer population appeared after a sudden phenological shift of some individuals of the sympatric winter population, leading to a founder effect and complete reproductive isolation. Given that the individuals showing this new phenology are subject to different selection pressures, the observed allochronic differentiation may rapidly lead to deeper divergence.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Helena Santos) 31 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02669037v1
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[hal-04175438] Another Chapter in the History of the European Invasion by the Western Conifer Seed Bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis: The Iberian Peninsula
The Western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis, is native to North America and has already been considered a significant pest in several European countries since its first observation in Italy in 1999. In Spain and Portugal, it was recorded for the first time in 2003 and 2010, respectively, and its impact on Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) is of major concern. Before developing control measures for this insect pest, it is paramount to clarify its spatiotemporal dynamics of invasion. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to (a) characterise the genetic structure and diversity and (b) invasion pathways of L. occidentalis populations in the Iberian Peninsula. To do so, specimens of L. occidentalis were collected at fourteen sites widely distributed within the Iberian Peninsula. We used mtDNA sequences of Cytochrome b and eleven microsatellite markers to characterise the genetic diversity and the population structure in the Iberian Peninsula. Our genetic results combined with the observational dates strongly support a stratified expansion of L. occidentalis invasion in the Iberian Peninsula proceeding from multiple introductions, including at least one in Barcelona, one in Valencia, and one in the west coast or in the Southeastern region.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Ana Oliveira Farinha) 02 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04175438v1
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[hal-02661294] Population monitoring of the pine processionary moth (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) with pheromone-baited traps
A series of tests were carried out to design pheromone-based monitoring of the pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea pityocampa. In a dose–response field test the number of male captures increased significantly with the dosage of pityolure to a plateau around 10 mg. The activity of pheromone dispensers persisted for at least 11 weeks, enough to cover the entire flight period of T. pityocampa. In a comparison of several saturating and non-saturating trap designs, plate sticky traps always showed the highest trapping efficiency. Captures were significantly higher in regularly cleaned traps than in traps without cleaning, and at tree canopy height; however, the latter were positively correlated with captures from traps positioned at breast height. The relationship between the number of PPM males captured in pheromone traps and the density of winter nests was investigated in 14 stands of the maritime pine (Pinus maritima) using 10 traps baited with low doses of pityolure. Mean trap captures calculated from 3 traps schemes to 10 traps were significantly correlated with nest density, indicating that four plate sticky traps baited with 0.2 mg of pityolure would provide a cost-effective tool for monitoring population densities of PPM per hectare. The reliability of this design was tested in 33 pine stands of different age and tree species across a range of geographic regions (France, Italy, Portugal), both in the core and expansion areas of the pest. The results were remarkably consistent, showing significant and positive correlations between mean male captures per day and total number of winter nests per hectare irrespective of the regions. The correlations with the level of infestation in the following generation was also positive for all regions although less significant. Our findings suggest that pheromone-baited traps provide a suitable tool for monitoring of T.pityocampa populations
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Herve Jactel) 31 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02661294v1
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[hal-02797794] Insect – Tree Interactions in Thaumetopoea pityocampa
The pine processionary moth is, by far, the most important insect defoliator of pine forests in Southern Europe and North Africa, both in terms of its temporal occurrence, geographic range and socioeconomic impact. Monitoring and pest management actions are therefore required on a regular basis, to ensure the detection, evaluation and mitigation of potential risks to forest and public health. However, we still lack some of the basic knowledge required for relevant analyses of the risk posed by the pine processionary moth. Pest risk is defined as a combination of three components: (1) pest occurrence, which depends on the spatiotemporal dynamics of populations; (2) plant vulnerability to the pest, resulting in a certain amount of damage; and (3) the socioeconomic impact of damage, depending on the potential value of the plants damaged (Jactel et al. 2012). The population dynamics of the processionary moth has been extensively studied, in particular within the context of climate change (see Battisti et al. 2014, Chap. 2, this volume). Several studies have recently addressed the question of tree and forest vulnerability to pine processionary attacks but a comprehensive review of evidence was missing. This is the first objective of this chapter. In particular we were interested in a better understanding of the ecological mechanisms responsible for the host tree selection, at both the species and individual tree levels. In a second part we show that pine susceptibility to the pine processionary moth could be reduced by improving forest diversity at different spatial scales. In the last part of this chapter we provide quantitative estimate of the growth losses caused by defoliations of the pine processionary moth. Altogether this information paves the way for quantitative risk analyses on pine processionary moth infestations based on forest growth models.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Herve Jactel) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02797794v1
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[hal-02799782] Genetic diversity and structure at different spatial scales in the processionary moths
This chapter presents the evolutionary history of Thaumetopoea species associated with pines, at different temporal and spatial scales. It corresponds to recent discoveries and ongoing works using sequencing technologies and population genetics. Most of the subchapters focus on the winter pine processionary moths T. pityocampa/T. wilkinsoni including a population with a shifted life cycle. Results concerning the summer pine processionary moth T. pinivora and the evolution of the whole genus are also presented. This chapter gives insights about the effects of Quaternary climate changes in different regions, and allow to study the contemporary changes due to the present climate warming.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Carole Kerdelhue) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02799782v1
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[hal-01605949] Micro X-ray computed tomography suggests cooperative feeding among adult invasive bugs Leptoglossus occidentalis on mature seeds of stone pine Pinus pinea
The consumption of edible pine seeds of stone pine by the invasive Leptoglossus occidentalis represents a major concern for producers in Mediterranean countries but, to date, little knowledge is available about its feeding process on these seeds. In the present study, we tested whether L. occidentalis is capable of feeding upon mature pine seeds and also estimated the impact that they may induce. Sound pine seeds were offered to bugs under laboratory conditions. Seed content was analyzed via a multitechnique approach using a stereomicroscope, X-rays and microcomputed tomography, which was expected to better characterize the damage caused by this bug. Adults of L. occidentalis were capable of feeding on mature seeds by piercing the hard and thick coat. However, the consumption was low and demonstrated a slow start, presumably as a result of the time and effort taken to drill a feeding hole. A collaborative feeding process was suggested because all bugs in the same box appeared to have fed through the same hole in most cases. Consumption was estimated to be approximately one-fifth of a seed kernel per bug per month. Consumed kernels appeared skunked and wrinkled.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Ana O. Farinha) 03 Oct 2017
https://hal.science/hal-01605949v1
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[hal-02823896] Weevils and Bark Beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Chapter 8.2
We record 201 alien curculionoids established in Europe, of which 72 originate from outside Europe. Aliens to Europe belong to fi ve families, but four-fi fths of them are from the Curculionidae. Many families and subfamilies, including some species-rich ones, have few representatives among alien curculionoids,whereas some others are over-represented; these latter, Dryophthoridae, Cossoninae and specially Scolytinae,all contain many xylophagous species. The number of new records of alien species increases continuously,with an acceleration during the last decades. Aliens to Europe originate from all parts of the world,but mainly Asia; few alien curculionoids originate from Africa. Italy and France host the largest number of alien to Europe. Th e number of aliens per country decreases eastwards, but is mainly correlated with importations frequency and, secondarily, with climate. All alien curculionoids have been introduced accidentally via international shipping. Wood and seed borers are specially liable to human-mediated dispersal due to their protected habitat. Alien curculionoids mainly attack stems, and half of them are xylophagous. The majority of alien curculionoids live in human-modifi ed habitats, but many species live in forests and other natural or semi-natural habitats. Several species are pests, among which grain feeders as Sitophilus spp. are the most damaging.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Daniel Sauvard) 07 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02823896v1
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[hal-02625954] Urban trees facilitate the establishment of non-native forest insects
Cities, due to the presence of ports and airports and the high diversity of trees in streets, parks, and gardens, may play an important role for the introduction of invasive forest pests. We hypothesize that areas of urban forest facilitate the establishment of non-native forest pests. Based on scientific literature and a pan-European database on non-native species feeding on woody plants, we analysed where the first detections occurred in European countries. We collected site data for 137 first detections in Europe and 508 first European country-specific records. We also estimated the percentage of tree cover and suitable habitat (green areas with trees) in buffers around detection points. The large majority of first records (89% for first record in Europe and 88% for first records in a European country) were found in cities or suburban areas. Only 7% of the cases were in forests far from cities. The probability of occurrence decreased sharply with distance from the city. The probability to be detected in urban areas was higher for sap feeders, gall makers, and seed or fruit feeders (>90%) than for bark and wood borers (81%). Detection sites in cities were highly diverse, including public parks, street trees, university campus, arboreta, zoos, and botanical gardens. The average proportion of suitable habitat was less than 10% in urban areas where the species were detected. Further, more than 72% of the cases occurred in sites with less than 20% of tree cover. Hotspots of first detection were identified along the coastal regions of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, and near industrial areas of central Europe. We conclude that urban trees are main facilitators for the establishment of non-native forest pests, and that cities should thus be intensely surveyed. Moreover, as urban areas are highly populated, the involvement of citizens is highly recommended.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Manuela Branco) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02625954v1
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[hal-02647888] Incipient allochronic speciation in the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Lepidoptera, Notodontidae)
A plausible case of allochronic differentiation, where barrier to gene flow is primarily due to a phenological shift, was recently discovered in Portugal for the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa. Previous results suggested that the observed "summer population" (SP) originated from the sympatric winter population (WP). Our objectives were to finely analyse these patterns and test their stability in time, through field monitoring and genetic analyses of larvae and adults across different years. Reproductive activity never overlapped between SP and WP. Microsatellites showed a clear differentiation of the SP, consistent with a strong reduction of gene flow due to the phenological shift. Assignment tests suggested that some individuals shift from the SP to the WP phenology, causing some hybridization. We discuss these patterns and their maintenance over time. This could be a first stage of allochronic speciation and SP should be considered as a distinct phenological race.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Helena Santos) 29 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02647888v1
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[hal-02639458] Family-Level Sampling of Mitochondrial Genomes in Coleoptera: Compositional Heterogeneity and Phylogenetics
Mitochondrial genomes are readily sequenced with recent technology and thus evolutionary lineages can be densely sampled. This permits better phylogenetic estimates and assessment of potential biases resulting from heterogeneity in nucleotide composition and rate of change. We gathered 245 mitochondrial sequences for the Coleoptera representing all 4 suborders, 15 superfamilies of Polyphaga, and altogether 97 families, including 159 newly sequenced full or partial mitogenomes. Compositional heterogeneity greatly affected 3rd codon positions, and to a lesser extent the 1st and 2nd positions, even after RY coding. Heterogeneity also affected the encoded protein sequence, in particular in the nad2, nad4, nad5, and nad6 genes. Credible tree topologies were obtained with the nhPhyML ("nonhomogeneous") algorithm implementing a model for branch-specific equilibrium frequencies. Likelihood searches using RAxML were improved by data partitioning by gene and codon position. Finally, the PhyloBayes software, which allows different substitution processes for amino acid replacement at various sites, produced a tree that best matched known higher level taxa and defined basal relationships in Coleoptera. After rooting with Neuropterida outgroups, suborder relationships were resolved as (Polyphaga (Myxophaga (Archostemata + Adephaga))). The infraorder relationships in Polyphaga were (Scirtiformia (Elateriformia ((Staphyliniformia + Scarabaeiformia) (Bostrichiformia (Cucujiformia))))). Polyphagan superfamilies were recovered as monophyla except Staphylinoidea (paraphyletic for Scarabaeiformia) and Cucujoidea, which can no longer be considered a valid taxon. The study shows that, although compositional heterogeneity is not universal, it cannot be eliminated for some mitochondrial genes, but dense taxon sampling and the use of appropriate Bayesian analyses can still produce robust phylogenetic trees.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Martijn J. T. N. Timmermans) 28 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02639458v1
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[hal-02632054] Altitudinal barrier to the spread of an invasive species: Could the Pyrenean chain slow the natural spread of the pinewood Nematode?
Mountain ranges may delimit the distribution of native species as well as constitute potential barriers to the spread of invasive species. The invasive pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a severe forest pest inducing pine wilt disease. It is vectored in Europe by a native long-horned beetle, Monochamus galloprovincialis. This study explored the potential of the Pyrenean chain to slow or prevent the natural spread of nematode-infested beetles from the Iberian Peninsula, where the nematode is established and is expanding its range, towards France and the rest of Europe. An analysis of the genetic structure and migration patterns of the beetle populations throughout the Pyrenean mountain range was combined with a spread model simulating the potential movements of nematode-infested beetles across it. The central part of the Pyrenees, which corresponds to the highest elevation zone, was shown to prevent gene flow between the French and Spanish populations of M. galloprovincialis on each side of the mountains. Conversely, strong admixture was detected between populations located on both sides of low elevation hills, and especially at the east and west extremities of the mountain range. Simulations of the spread of nematode-infested beetles under various thresholds of beetle survival and pine wilt disease expression gave results consistent with the variation in genetic make-up, suggesting that western and eastern hillsides may represent corridors favoring natural spread of the nematode from the Iberian Peninsula to France. Simulations also showed that temperature rise due to climate change may significantly reduce the extent of the barrier formed by highest elevations. Our results support the hypothesis that the Pyrenean chain represents a partial barrier to the natural spread of nematode-infested beetles. These results, which have to be considered together with potential human-assisted long-distance spread of the nematode, highlight priority zones for future pest monitoring and management programs. More generally, such an integrated approach could be used to assess the role of mountain chains in the potential spread of other invasive pests.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Julien Haran) 27 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02632054v1
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[hal-02629921] Dynamics of infection with Wolbachia in Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during invasion and establishment
The process of loss or gain of parasites during invasion of new lands is not well understood. The alfalfa weevil Hypera postica is an invasive pest of various leguminous crops and consists of three major mitochondrial haplotypes, ‘Western’, ‘Egyptian’ and ‘Eastern’. The Western strain is infected with the endosymbiotic proteobacteria Wolbachia, that cause unidirectional complete reproductive incompatibility, in its native (Europe) and an introduced (the United States) ranges. However, our preliminary screening of a few introduced populations in Northern Kyushu, southwestern Japan, failed to detect Wolbachia from the Western strain. A larger-scale and historical assessment of Wolbachia infection may allow to estimate when and how the bacteria were lost, and current geographical distribution of infection among host haplotypes. In this study, we aim to assess the Wolbachia-infection status of H. postica populations throughout Northern Kyushu, where H. postica invasion to Japan was first found. A total of 228 individuals from seven regions in Northern Kyushu collected in different time periods from 1982 to 2015 and 14 individuals from Europe were subjected to PCR diagnostics for Wolbachia. Wolbachia from the Western strain was not detected, irrespective of the time periods and geographic areas in Northern Kyushu. We found ‘Egyptian’-strain H. postica collected most recently from an island off Kyushu harboured a supergroup-B Wolbachia variant. This variant was genetically different from the European Wolbachia variant infecting Western-strain H. postica. The infection was new to the Egyptian haplotype and was estimated to have taken place independently of the loss in the Western strain.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (S. Iwase) 27 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02629921v1
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[hal-02793448] Landscape Genetics of Monochamus galloprovincialis, vector of the pine wood nematode in Europe.
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Julien Haran) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02793448v1
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[hal-02633238] Ghost mtDNA haplotypes generated by fortuitous NUMTs can deeply disturb infra-specific genetic diversity and phylogeographic pattern
Nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (NUMTs or mitochondrial pseudogenes) are known to impede the detection of interspecific genetic diversity. But the effect of these artifacts on phylogeographic reconstruction remains under evaluated. In this study, we analysed a set of 115 sequences of a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) for which overlapping signals in sequencing electropherograms were observed. Comparison of full and corrected ‘ambiguities-free’ data sets reveals the prevalence of numerous supernumerary haplotypes that deeply affect genetic diversity indices and phylogeographic patterns of this species. Slightly divergent pseudogenes were recovered in 49 of the 115 sequences. These results highlight the potential misdetection of NUMTs using current control methods and the consequences on phylogeographic structure. To test the frequency of unintended amplification of NUMTs, a cloning was performed on 15 individuals. An average of 3.72 and a maximum of six paralogous sequences with different levels of divergence were identified among individual cloned. Within individual pairwise distance between paralogs raised 1.4%. This work calls for awareness to the presence of undetected NUMTs within mitochondrial data sets, especially at infra-specific level.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Julien Haran) 27 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02633238v1
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[hal-02738933] Landscape Genetics of Monochamus galloprovincialis, vector of the pine wood nematode in Europe
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Julien Haran) 02 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02738933v1
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[hal-02742498] Etude des processus de dispersion de Monochamus galloprovincialis, vecteur du nématode du pin : rôle potentiel de la chaîne pyrénéenne
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Julien Haran) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02742498v1
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[hal-01608201] Complex invasion history of the Asian long-horned beetle: fifteen years after first detection in Europe
The Asian long-horned beetle (ALB), a Cerambycidae, is an urban tree pest native to East Asia accidentally introduced to other continents via solid wood packing material. It was first detected in Europe in 2001, and since then infestations have been found in ten European countries. Using a 485-bp-long fragment of the mitochondrial barcode gene (COI), we studied the genetic diversity and structure of ALB populations in both native and invaded ranges, with a specific focus on Europe. Three main haplotypes were found across the native and invaded distribution of ALB. The native area in Asia was the most diverse with 23 haplotypes, but a low genetic structure was observed. Our results revealed up to nine distinct haplotypes that was diverged by no more than six mutational steps in European populations collected from 2001 to 2016. Nevertheless, the genetic structure was characterized by one widespread dominant haplotype in Europe. The overall complex genetic structure observed in Europe suggested a convoluted invasion scenario. Indeed, invasion history may include several introduction events as well as secondary dispersal.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marion Javal) 03 Oct 2017
https://hal.science/hal-01608201v1
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[hal-03655784] Phylogeography of the invasive lime leaf miner Phyllonorycter issikii (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Eurasia
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Natalia Kirichenko) 30 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03655784v1
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[hal-04175404] Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs
Abstract International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Iva Franić) 02 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04175404v1
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[hal-04171563] Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees
Abstract Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Iva Franić) 17 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04171563v1
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[hal-03419963] Functional and taxonomic responses of tropical moth communities to deforestation
Global insect decline has recently become a cause for major concern, particularly in the tropics where the vast majority of species occurs. Deforestation is suggested as being a major driver of this decline, but how anthropogenic changes in landscape structure affect tropical insect communities has rarely been addressed. We sampled Saturniidae and Sphingidae moths on 27 farms located in Brazilian Amazonia (Para state) and characterised by different deforestation histories. We used functional traits (forewing length, body mass, wing load, trophic niche breadth and resource use strategy), analysed by combining RLQ and null model analyses, to investigate the responses of their taxonomic and functional diversity to landscape change dynamics and current structure. We found that communities had a higher proportion of large and polyphagous species with low wing load in landscapes with low forest quality and relative cover and high land use turnover. This was mainly due to a significant response to deforestation by saturniids, whereas the more mobile sphingids showed no significant landscape-related pattern. We also observed an overall increase of species richness and functional dispersion in landscapes that have been deforested for a long time when compared with more recent agricultural settlements. Our results highlight the complex way in which landscape structure and historical dynamics interact to shape Neotropical moth communities and that saturniid moths respond clearly to the structure of the surrounding landscape, confirming their potential use as an indicator group for environmental monitoring programmes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Yenny Correa‐carmona) 30 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03419963v1
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[hal-04312064] Fewer non‐native insects in freshwater than in terrestrial habitats across continents
Abstract Aim Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Insects represent an important group of species in freshwater and terrestrial habitats, and they constitute a large proportion of non‐native species. However, while many non‐native insects are known from terrestrial ecosystems, they appear to be less represented in freshwater habitats. Comparisons between freshwater and terrestrial habitats of invader richness relative to native species richness are scarce, which hinders syntheses of invasion processes. Here, we used data from three regions on different continents to determine whether non‐native insects are indeed under‐represented in freshwater compared with terrestrial assemblages. Location Europe, North America, New Zealand. Methods We compiled a comprehensive inventory of native and non‐native insect species established in freshwater and terrestrial habitats of the three study regions. We then contrasted the richness of non‐native and native species among freshwater and terrestrial insects for all insect orders in each region. Using binomial regression, we analysed the proportions of non‐native species in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Marine insect species were excluded from our analysis, and insects in low‐salinity brackish water were considered as freshwater insects. Results In most insect orders living in freshwater, non‐native species were under‐represented, while they were over‐represented in a number of terrestrial orders. This pattern occurred in purely aquatic orders and in orders with both freshwater and terrestrial species. Overall, the proportion of non‐native species was significantly lower in freshwater than in terrestrial species. Main conclusions Despite the numerical and ecological importance of insects among all non‐native species, non‐native insect species are surprisingly rare in freshwater habitats. This is consistent across the three investigated regions. We review hypotheses concerning species traits and invasion pathways that are most likely to explain these patterns. Our findings contribute to a growing appreciation of drivers and impacts of biological invasions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Agnieszka Sendek) 04 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04312064v1
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[hal-03441511] Invasion disharmony in the global biogeography of native and non‐native beetle species
Aim The concept of "island disharmony" has been widely applied to describe the systematic over- and under-representation of taxa on islands compared to mainland regions. Here, we explore an extension of that concept to biological invasions. We compare biogeographical patterns in native and non-native beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages from around the world to test whether beetle invasions represent a random sample of species or whether some families are more prone to invade than others. Location Global. Methods Numbers of non-native beetle species established in ten regions worldwide were compared with the land area of each region. The distribution of species among families was compared with the distribution among families for all species native to the same region and with the distribution among families for the global pool of all known beetle species. Ordination analysis was used to characterize differences among native and non-native assemblages based upon the distribution of species among families. Results We report a total of 1,967 non-native beetle species across all ten regions, and a classic log-log relationship between numbers of species per region and land area though relationships are generally stronger for native assemblages. Some families (e.g., Dermestidae and Bostrichidae) are over-represented and others (e.g., Carabidae, Scarabaeidae and Buprestidae) are under-represented in non-native assemblages. The distribution of species among families is generally similar among native assemblages with greatest similarities among nearby regions. In contrast, non-native species assemblages are more similar to each other than to native species assemblages. Main conclusions Certain families are over-represented, and others are under-represented in non-native beetle assemblages compared to native assemblages, indicating "invasion disharmony" in the global representation of beetle families. Similarities in composition among non-native assemblages may reflect unobserved associations with invasion pathways and life-history traits that shape invasion success of different insect groups.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Andrew M Liebhold) 22 Nov 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03441511v1
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[hal-03045949] Grassland-to-crop conversion in agricultural landscapes has lasting impact on the trait diversity of bees
Context Global pollinator decline has motivated much research to understand the underlying mechanisms. Among the multiple pressures threatening pollinators, habitat loss has been suggested as a key-contributing factor. While habitat destruction is often associated with immediate negative impacts, pollinators can also exhibit delayed responses over time. Objectives We used a trait-based approach to investigate how past and current land use at both local and landscape levels impact plant and wild bee communities in grasslands through a functional lens. Methods We measured flower and bee morphological traits that mediate plant–bee trophic linkage in 66 grasslands. Using an extensive database of 20 years of land-use records, we tested the legacy effects of the landscape-level conversion of grassland to crop on flower and bee trait diversity. Results Land-use history was a strong driver of flower and bee trait diversity in grasslands. Particularly, bee trait diversity was lower in landscapes where much of the land was converted from grassland to crop long ago. Bee trait diversity was also strongly driven by plant trait diversity computed with flower traits. However, this relationship was not observed in landscapes with a long history of grassland-to-crop conversion. The effects of land-use history on bee communities were as strong as those of current land use, such as grassland or mass-flowering crop cover in the landscape. Conclusions Habitat loss that occurred long ago in agricultural landscapes alters the relationship between plants and bees over time. The retention of permanent grassland sanctuaries within intensive agricultural landscapes can offset bee decline.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Gaëtane Le Provost) 17 Oct 2023
https://hal.science/hal-03045949v1
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[hal-02629243] Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools
Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species-those never encountered as aliens before-therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: Onequarter of first records during 2000-2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1-16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hanno Seebens) 27 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02629243v1
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[hal-01607783] No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide
Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970-2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hanno Seebens) 27 May 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01607783v1
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[hal-01602700] Troubling travellers: are ecologically harmful alien species associated with particular introduction pathways?
Prioritization of introduction pathways is seen as an important component of the management of biological invasions. We address whether established alien plants, mammals, freshwater fish and terrestrial invertebrates with known ecological impacts are associated with particular introduction pathways (release, escape, contaminant, stowaway, corridor and unaided). We used the information from the European alien species database DAISIE (www.europe-aliens.org) supplemented by the EASIN catalogue (European Alien Species Information Network), and expert knowledge. Plants introduced by the pathways release, corridor and unaided were disproportionately more likely to have ecological impacts than those introduced as contaminants. In contrast, impacts were not associated with particular introduction pathways for invertebrates, mammals or fish. Thus, while for plants management strategies should be targeted towards the appropriate pathways, for animals, management should focus on reducing the total number of taxa introduced, targeting those pathways responsible for high numbers of introductions. However, regardless of taxonomic group, having multiple introduction pathways increases the likelihood of the species having an ecological impact. This may simply reflect that species introduced by multiple pathways have high propagule pressure and so have a high probability of establishment. Clearly, patterns of invasion are determined by many interacting factors and management strategies should reflect this complexity.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jan Pergl) 26 May 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01602700v1
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[hal-02625363] Promises and challenges in insect-plant interactions
There is tremendous diversity of interactions between plants and other species. These relationships range from antagonism to mutualism. Interactions of plants with members of their ecological community can lead to a profound metabolic reconfiguration of the plants’ physiology. This reconfiguration can favour beneficial organisms and deter antagonists like pathogens or herbivores. Determining the cellular and molecular dialogue between plants, microbes, and insects, and its ecological and evolutionary implications is important for understanding the options for each partner to adopt an adaptive response to its biotic environment. Moving forward, understanding how such ecological interactions are shaped by environmental change and how we potentially mitigate deleterious effects will be increasingly important. The development of integrative multidisciplinary approaches may provide new solutions to the major ecological and societal issues ahead of us. The rapid evolution of technology provides valuable tools and opens up novel ways to test hypotheses that were previously unanswerable, but requires that scientists master these tools, understand potential ethical problems flowing from their implementation, and train new generations of biologists with diverse technical skills. Here, we provide brief perspectives and discuss future promise and challenges for research on insect–plant interactions building on the 16th International Symposium on Insect–Plant interactions (SIP) meeting that was held in Tours, France (2–6 July 2017). Talks, posters, and discussions are distilled into key research areas in insect–plant interactions, highlighting the current state of the field and major challenges, and future directions for both applied and basic research.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (David Giron) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02625363v1
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[hal-02638263] Crossing frontiers in tackling pathways of biological Invasions
Substantial progress has been made in understanding how pathways underlie and mediate biological invasions. However, key features of their role in invasions remain poorly understood, available knowledge is widely scattered, and major frontiers in research and management are insufficiently characterized. We review the state of the art, highlight recent advances, identify pitfalls and constraints, and discuss major challenges in four broad fields of pathway research and management: pathway classification, application of pathway information, management response, and management impact. We present approaches to describe and quantify pathway attributes (e.g., spatiotemporal changes, proxies of introduction effort, environmental and socioeconomic contexts) and how they interact with species traits and regional characteristics. We also provide recommendations for a research agenda with particular focus on emerging (or neglected) research questions and present new analytical tools in the context of pathway research and management.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Franz Essl) 28 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02638263v1
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[hal-02637388] The EASIN Editorial Board: quality assurance, exchange and sharing of alien species information in Europe
The European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN) aims to facilitate the exploration of alien species information in Europe, and is recognized as the information system supporting European Union Member States in the implementation of the recently published Invasive Alien Species Regulation. In this paper, we present the role and activities of the EASIN Editorial Board (EB), which is responsible for the quality assurance, safeguarding and constant improvement of EASIN. The EB is supported by a web platform that facilitates online discussions about alien species. This platform creates a virtual community by providing a forum-like interface that is moderated by the EB Members but is freely accessible to the scientific community and the general public. It allows all registered users to make comments, raise questions and share experience and expertise on alien species in Europe. Moreover, it provides a means for exchanging opinions and solving disputes in a transparent way. The overall EB activity is commonly agreed upon procedures and standards.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Konstantinos Tsiamis) 28 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02637388v1
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[hal-02641337] European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN): supporting European policies and scientific research
The European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN) was launched in 2012 by the European Commission to facilitate the exploration of existing alien species information and to assist the implementation of European policies on biological invasions. At the core of EASIN, there is an inventory of all known alien and cryptogenic species in Europe (the EASIN Catalogue, herein published), which includes relevant information, such as taxonomic classification, pathways of introduction, year and country of first introduction. Spatial records of species occurrence in Europe are stored in the EASIN geo-databases, integrating data from many data providers and the literature. All this information is publicly available through a widget framework, providing easy to use and flexible tools for searching and mapping. The EASIN datasets have been used for pan-European or regional assessments of pathways and gateways of alien invasions, towards the fulfilment of the related targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity and of European policies. Moreover, in support of the new EU Regulation on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species in Europe, an Early Warning and Rapid Response System is being developed by EASIN.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Stelios Katsanevakis) 28 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02641337v1
