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[hal-05151321] Genetic diversity within and among populations of Diprion pini (Hym., Diprionidae) determined by random amplified polymorphic DNA‐polymerase chain reaction of haploid males
Abstract: Based on haploid males, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to study genetic variation within and among four French populations and one Finnish outgroup population of the common pine sawfly, Diprion pini (L.), representing a severe European forest pest associated with mass outbreaks. Taking into account that all multilocus haplotypes were detected, a total of 140 individuals were completely discriminated by means of 17 polymorphic markers (present or absent), which were amplified from nine selected random‐decamer primers. All populations shared the same genetic types, but pronounced population‐specific frequency distributions were found, indicating that on average 84% of the present genetic variation exists within populations and the remaining smaller part counts for interpopulational variation. The haplotype differentiation registered was able to distinguish between the class of lowland populations and the class of highland populations. Reproductive isolation and therefore limited altitudinal gene flow, indicated in case of a French highland population by an enlarged number of fixed markers, and hitchhiking effects with respect to selective processes at certain loci following local adaptation and speciation are discussed to explain the population structures found. A possible selection is indicated by five markers, showing significantly different frequency distributions between the class of highland populations and the class of lowland populations.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (R. Baumann) 08 Jul 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05151321v1
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[hal-02680402] Variation in the suitability of pinus sylvestris to feeding by two defoliators, Diprion pini (Hym., Diprionidae) and Graellsia isabellae galliaegloria (Lep., Attacidae)
Abstract: Feeding bioassays were conducted on several Pinus sylvestris clones to establish if there were any differences in suitability for two pine defoliators: the sawfly Diprion pini L. (Hym., Diprionidae), which causes considerable damage in Europe, and the rare and protected moth Graellsia isabellae galliaegloria Oberthür (Lep., Attacidae). There were significant differences in survival, weight, sex‐ratio and female fecundity of D. pini on Scots pine clones. However, sawfly survival appeared to be the most stable variable in time and three clone categories were revealed by conducting feeding bioassays on 16 clones. The survival of G. isabellae galliaegloria until the formation of the chrysalis was significantly different among clones. It varied from 35 to 75% but no clear clone category was distinguished . The two clone classifications according to insect survival showed differences. In particular, one unsuitable clone for D. pini development appeared to be favourable to moth development. The 3‐carene richness of foliage was significantly linked with sawfly survival and the monoterpene composition of foliage was not linked with G. isabellae galliaegloria survival.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (F. Barre) 01 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02680402v1
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[hal-05128229] Testing a trapping protocol for generic surveillance of wood-boring beetles in heterogeneous landscapes
Baited traps are a basic component of both specific and generic surveillance programs targeting wood-boring beetles at risk of introduction to new habitats because of global trade. Among the numerous protocols developed over the years for generic surveillance of longhorn beetles, jewel beetles, and bark and ambrosia beetles is the simultaneous use of black multi-funnel traps set up in the understory and green multi-funnel traps set up in the canopy of forested areas surrounding ports and other entry points. These traps are commonly baited with multi-lure blends of pheromones and host volatiles. In this study, we tested this trapping protocol in areas surrounding eight entry points located in Europe and North America to determine: i) the relative performance of black-understory traps and green-canopy traps among the targeted taxa; and ii) whether the dissimilarity among communities of beetles collected by the understory vs. canopy traps was affected by taxon and amount of forest cover in the traps’ surroundings. A total of 96,963 individuals belonging to 358 species of wood-boring beetles were collected, including 21 non-native species. Black-understory multi-funnel traps were generally more efficient than green-canopy multi-funnel traps for detecting longhorn beetles and bark and ambrosia beetles, whereas the opposite trend was observed for jewel beetles. Differences between beetle communities caught in black-understory and green-canopy traps were mainly attributed to differences in species richness in jewel beetles, while both differences in species richness and species turnover contributed to the dissimilarity between communities of longhorn beetles and bark and ambrosia beetle. The difference in the number of jewel beetle species caught by the two trapping methodologies decreased with increasing forest cover, whereas species turnover increased when moving from an urban-dominated to a forest-dominated landscape. Overall, these results suggest that the simultaneous use of both black-understory and green-canopy multi-funnel traps can be considered a very efficient approach for generic surveillance of longhorn beetles, jewel beetles and bark and ambrosia beetles in both urban-dominated and forest-dominated areas surrounding entry points.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Giacomo Santoiemma) 24 Jun 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05128229v1
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[hal-03366792] Preventing invasions of Asian longhorn beetle and citrus longhorn beetle: are we on the right track?
Two Asian longhorn beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis, are among the most serious alien invasive species attacking forest and urban trees, both in North America and Europe. Major efforts have been put into preventing further entry and establishment of the two species as well as promoting their successful eradication. Here, we review these efforts, their progress and outcome, and scientific advancements in monitoring and control methods. The combined international activities and harmonizing legislative changes in detection and eradication methods have proven worthwhile, with more than 45% of eradication programmes successful in the last 12 years. Some countries were able to completely eradicate all populations and others managed to reduce the area affected. Although the costs of the eradication programmes can be very high, the benefits outweigh inaction. Attempts to eradicate A. chinensis have been more challenging in comparison with those targeting A. glabripennis. For both species, efforts are hampered by the ongoing arrival of new beetles, both from their native regions in Asia and from other invaded regions via bridgehead effects. The methods used for eradication have not changed much during the last decade, and host removal is still the method most commonly used. On the other hand, detection methods have diversified during the last decade with advances in semiochemical research and use of detection dogs. The next decade will determine if eradications continue to be successful, particularly in the case of A. chinensis, which has been targeted in some countries for containment instead of eradication. Key Message: • Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis are invasive wood borers native to Asia • Both species are serious pests in their invaded range, attacking healthy forest and urban trees • We analyse data from 2008–2020, regarding interceptions, establishments and eradications • In Europe and North America more than 45% of eradication programmes were successful • Innovations on management strategies and recent scientific achievements are reviewed
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sofia Branco) 05 Oct 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03366792v1
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[hal-01602725] Processionary Moths and Associated Urtication Risk: Global Change-Driven Effects
Processionary moths carry urticating setae, which cause health problems in humans and other warm-blooded animals. The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa has responded to global change (climate warming and increased global trade) by extending its distribution range. The subfamily Thaumetopoeinae consists of approximately 100 species. An important question is whether other processionary moth species will similarly respond to these specific dimensions of global change and thus introduce health hazards into new areas. We describe, for the first time, how setae are distributed on different life stages (adult, larva) of major groups within the subfamily. Using the available data, we conclude that there is little evidence that processionary moths as a group will behave like T. pityocampa and expand their distributional range. The health problems caused by setae strongly relate to population density, which may, or may not, be connected to global change.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Andrea Battisti) 02 Oct 2017
https://hal.science/hal-01602725v1
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[hal-05054582] Warmer and brighter winters than before: Ecological and public health challenges from the expansion of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)
Highlights: • We model the geographic range of the pine processionary moth (PPM). • Three species distribution models are constructed using tree-based methods. • Interpretable machine learning reveals climate variables limiting the PPM's distribution. • A significant northward expansion is projected for the coming decades. • A contraction of suitable regions is expected in North Africa by 2040–2060. Abstract: Assessing the species ecological responses to ongoing climate change is a critical challenge in environmental science. Rising temperatures, particularly in winter, are altering the distribution patterns of many species, including the pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermuller, 1775). This Mediterranean species, a significant defoliator of conifers, is expanding its range northward as winter temperatures increase. The larvae of PPM also pose serious public health risks due to their ability to induce allergic reactions in humans, pets, and livestock. To better understand these ecological shifts, we calibrated three distribution models (Bayesian Additive Regression Trees, Boosted Regression Trees, and Random Forest) based on historical and modern occurrence data compiling of 1769 points, and assessed climate suitability under historical, current and future conditions. Our results show that winter minimum temperatures, summer maximum temperatures, and solar radiation significantly influence the life cycle, and shape the geographical distribution of PPM. Under current conditions, PPM could extend its range further north, but its limited flight capabilities hinder its ability to keep up with the pace of climate change. Future projections suggest continued northward expansion, although solar radiation is expected to limit the northernmost range of PPM. Certain host tree species of PPM are frequently used as ornamental plants, particularly in urban areas, which makes the careful selection of these species a potentially valuable tool for management. Our findings identify regions that are likely to become suitable for PPM colonization, where proactive measures could be implemented.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jean-Pierre Rossi) 02 May 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05054582v1
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[hal-01602134] Genetic diversity of the invasive box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, in its native and invaded areas and preliminary phylogeographic approach.
During the recent decades, ornamental plant trade has triggered the introduction of alien invasive insects in Europe. An ever increasing number of these alien species originates from Asia, such as the box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis, a species native of China, Korea and Japan, which has recently been introduced into Europe. Since its first observation in Germany in 2007, the box tree moth has spread rapidly all over Europe, causing important damage on commonly planted ornamental box trees. The ornamental trade between Europe and China is hypothesized as the pathway of its primary introduction while the trade within Europe could have favored its rapid spread. In order to disentangle invasion pathways, samples of C. perspectalis were collected in China, Korea and in 13 of the 25 invaded European countries. We analyzed 174 sequences of mitochondrial markers COI and COII from the native and invaded areas in order to check the genetic variability, and to develop a preliminary phylogeographical approach. In the Asian populations, we observed 7 haplotypes divided into 3 haplogroups, and 4 of those haplotypes were also observed in Europe. Our preliminary results did not show evidence of genetic structure in the native range, which did not allow to define the potential donor regions but the presence of several Asian haplotypes in Europe in addition to a low but significant geographical structure is in favor of multiple introductions. Nevertheless, more populations need to be sampled in the area of origin together with the definition of more polymorphic markers in order to better understand the invasion pathways of C. perspectalis.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Audrey Bras) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01602134v1
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[hal-02620716] A population genetic study of the egg parasitoid Baryscapus servadeii reveals large scale automictic parthenogenesis and almost fixed homozygosity
The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa - T. wilkinsoni is one of the main defoliators of pine and cedar forests in the Mediterranean area. Its distribution is currently expanding northward and to higher altitudes due to climate warming. This species is associated with a rich community of predators and parasitoids. The specialist egg parasitoid Baryscapus servadeii is among the most abundant, and is thought to significantly affect the population dynamics of its host. To determine if the parasitoid tracks the range expansion of its host and shows similar population genetic patterns, we developed eight de novo microsatellite markers using SSR enrichment and 454 pyrosequencing. Despite a large-scale sampling design, ranging from Northern Africa to Western Europe, Crete and Cyprus, genotyping revealed an unexpectedly high level of homozygosity and reduced genetic diversity, with 90% of studied individuals being characterized by only 2 multi-locus genotypes. We then tested if B. servadeii is associated with parthenogenesis-inducing endobacteria, and found that most individuals were associated with a Rickettsia symbiont, not Wolbachia. Interestingly, genetic diversity and an absence of symbionts were documented in some individuals of the congeneric hyperparasitoid B. transversalis, which were found in the same samples. Altogether, the results suggest that microsatellite nuclear markers will not be useful for deciphering the demography and range expansion routes of this parasitoid. However, B. servadeii can be considered an interesting and novel example of Rickettsia inducing thelytoky in chalcid parasitoids.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mauro Simonato) 20 Jul 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02620716v1
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[hal-04171694] Early detection of exotic xylophagous species using generic lures at potential ports-of-entry in Europe
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alain Roques) 26 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04171694v1
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[hal-02629304] Forest Insects and Climate Change
Purpose of Review Climate change affects populations of forest insect pests in a number of ways. We reviewed the most recent literature (2013-2017) on this subject including previous reviews on the topic. We provide a comprehensive discussion of the subject, with special attention to insect range expansion, insect abundance, impacts on forest ecosystems, and effects on forest insect communities. We considered forest insects according to their major guilds and biomes. Recent Findings Effects of climate change on forest insects are demonstrated for a number of species and guilds, although generalizations of results available so far are difficult because of species-specific responses to climate change. In addition, disentangling direct and indirect effects of climate change is complex due to the large number of variables affected. Modeling based on climate projections is useful when combined with mechanistic explanations. Summary Expansion of either the true range or the outbreak range is observed in several model species/groups of major insect guilds in boreal and temperate biomes. Mechanistic explanations are provided for a few species and are mainly based on increase in winter temperatures. In relation to insect abundance, climate change can either promote outbreaks or disrupt trophic interactions and decrease the severity of outbreaks. There is good evidence that some recent outbreaks of bark beetles and defoliating insects are influenced by climate change and are having a large impact on ecosystems as well as on communities of forest insects.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Deepa S. Pureswaran) 27 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02629304v1
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[hal-02907131] Pathologists and entomologists must join forces against forest pest and pathogen invasions
The world’s forests have never been more threatened by invasions of exotic pests and pathogens, whose causes and impacts are reinforced by global change. However, forest entomologists and pathologists have, for too long, worked independently, used different concepts and proposed specific management methods without recognising parallels and synergies between their respective fields. Instead, we advocate increased collaboration between these two scientific communities to improve the long-term health of forests. Our arguments are that the pathways of entry of exotic pests and pathogens are often the same and that insects and fungi often coexist in the same affected trees. Innovative methods for preventing invasions, early detection and identification of non-native species, modelling of their impact and spread and prevention of damage by increasing the resistance of ecosystems can be shared for the management of both pests and diseases. We, therefore, make recommendations to foster this convergence, proposing in particular the development of interdisciplinary research programmes, the development of generic tools or methods for pest and pathogen management and capacity building for the education and training of students, managers, decision-makers and citizens concerned with forest health.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hervé Jactel) 27 Jul 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02907131v1
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[hal-02650907] Taxon-specific PCR for DNA barcoding arthropod prey in bat faeces
The application of DNA barcoding to dietary studies allows prey taxa to be identified in the absence of morphological evidence and permits a greater resolution of prey identity than is possible through direct examination of faecal material. For insectivorous bats, which typically eat a great diversity of prey and which chew and digest their prey thoroughly, DNA-based approaches to diet analysis may provide the only means of assessing the range and diversity of prey within faeces. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in determining the diets of bat species that specialize in eating different taxa of arthropod prey. We designed and tested a novel taxon-specific primer set and examined the performance of short barcode sequences in resolving prey species. We recovered prey DNA from all faecal samples and subsequent cloning and sequencing of PCR products, followed by a comparison of sequences to a reference database, provided species-level identifications for 149/207 (72%) clones. We detected a phylogenetically broad range of prey while completely avoiding detection of nontarget groups. In total, 37 unique prey taxa were identified from 15 faecal samples. A comparison of DNA data with parallel morphological analyses revealed a close correlation between the two methods. However, the sensitivity and taxonomic resolution of the DNA method were far superior. The methodology developed here provides new opportunities for the study of bat diets and will be of great benefit to the conservation of these ecologically important predators.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Matt R. K. Zeale) 29 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02650907v1
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[hal-01144571] THE 2014 ALMA LONG BASELINE CAMPAIGN: AN OVERVIEW
A major goal of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is to make accurate images with resolutions of tens of milliarcseconds, which at submillimeter (submm) wavelengths requires baselines up to ~15 km. To develop and test this capability, a Long Baseline Campaign (LBC) was carried out from September to late November 2014, culminating in end-to-end observations, calibrations, and imaging of selected Science Verification (SV) targets. This paper presents an overview of the campaign and its main results, including an investigation of the short-term coherence properties and systematic phase errors over the long baselines at the ALMA site, a summary of the SV targets and observations, and recommendations for science observing strategies at long baselines. Deep ALMA images of the quasar 3C138 at 97 and 241 GHz are also compared to VLA 43 GHz results, demonstrating an agreement at a level of a few percent. As a result of the extensive program of LBC testing, the highly successful SV imaging at long baselines achieved angular resolutions as fine as 19 mas at ~350 GHz. Observing with ALMA on baselines of up to 15 km is now possible, and opens up new parameter space for submm astronomy.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alma Partnership) 22 Apr 2015
https://hal.science/hal-01144571v1
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[hal-05130990] Incorporating Neglected Insect Larvae in Species Inventories: DNA Barcoding as an Effective Tool for All‐Stage Invertebrate Identification in Tree Holes
<div><p>Invertebrates, especially insects, are an integral part of biodiversity. Many species live in forest ecosystems where they play a key role in decomposing wood and maintaining ecosystem functions. Nevertheless, global changes, like fires, storms, and pest outbreaks, are impacting insect diversity, reinforcing the need for long-term biomonitoring to understand and tackle these issues. Forests are heterogeneous ecosystems with tree-related microhabitats (TReMs) such as tree holes, which are important for ecosystem diversity. Conventional identification approaches for species inventories are frequently hampered by the extensive and hidden diversity of insect larval stages. Thus, there is a crucial need to develop tools that facilitate inventories of these ecological niches and allow the incorporation of such hidden diversity into long-term monitoring studies. To that end, we explored the biodiversity found in tree holes within French state forests using DNA barcoding and addressed challenges associated with traditional morphological identification methods. Results demonstrate the successful application of DNA barcoding in identifying nearly 62% of all invertebrates sampled from tree holes to the species level. Sampled invertebrates comprised 44% of larvae (566 individuals), of which nearly 50% could be assigned a species name. In total, 108 species and 173 barcode index numbers (BINs, used as species proxy) were molecularly inventoried, and 39% of these identified species were solely represented by larvae in our sampling. Our study highlights the usefulness of DNA-based identification methods and the significance of including larvae in biodiversity assessments to gain insights into species abundance and functional diversity. It also underscores the necessity of ongoing and parallel developments of DNA reference libraries to improve species molecular identification rates and accuracy, and the need to investigate potential non-destructive alternatives for biomonitoring. These efforts aim to ensure thorough and precise monitoring of invertebrate communities in tree holes and similar microhabitats.</p></div> <div>| Introduction<p>Invertebrates, particularly insects, constitute the vast majority of life on Earth (Stork 2018), but their remarkable diversity and critical ecological roles remain largely undocumented. In forest ecosystems, one-third of the entomofauna are saproxylic insects that help with wood decomposition and nutrient cycling (Ulyshen and Šobotník 2018). For example French forests host 2663 species of saproxylic Coleoptera (Bouget et al.</p></div> <div>2019). However, insects have experienced significant declines<p>This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p></div>
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucas Sire) 26 Jun 2025
https://hal.science/hal-05130990v1
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[hal-04171596] Dynamique d’expansion d’une population introduite de Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) en France
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Thomas Boivin) 31 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04171596v1
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[hal-04169153] Latitudinal gradient in avian insectivory: complementary effects of climate, habitat and bird diversity
According to the Latitudinal Biotic Interaction Hypothesis (LBIH), the general increase in biodiversity towards lower latitudes can be partially explained by an increase in the intensity of biotic interactions. While LBIH received some support for plant-herbivores interactions, much less is known about how higher trophic levels may contribute to shape biotic interactions across latitudinal gradients. We hypothesized that the diversity of insectivorous birds increases towards lower latitude, leading to higher predation rates on insect herbivores. Location Europe. Taxon Insectivorous birds and pedunculate oaks. Methods We deployed plasticine caterpillars in 138 oak trees in 47 sites along a 19° latitudinal gradient in Europe to quantify bird insectivory through predation attempts. In addition, we used passive acoustic monitoring to (i) characterize the acoustic diversity of surrounding soundscapes; and (ii) infer both taxonomic and functional diversity of insectivorous birds from recordings. Results The functional diversity of insectivorous birds increased towards lower latitude. Bird predation increased with latitude, forest cover and bird acoustic diversity but decreased with mean annual temperature and functional richness of insectivorous birds. Contrary to our predictions, latitudinal clines in bird predation attempts were not directly mediated by changes in insectivorous bird diversity or acoustic diversity, but latitude and habitat still had independent effects on predation attempts. Main conclusions Our study does not fully support the predictions of the LBIH of more biotic interactions southwards and advocates for better accounting for activity and abundance of insectivorous birds when studying the large-scale variation in insect-tree interactions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laura Schillé) 24 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04169153v1
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[hal-03643504] The importance of phenotypic heterogeneity in biological invasions
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mathieu Laparie) 15 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03643504v1
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[hal-03643496] How Merizodus soledadinus, a carabid predator native from forests in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, rapidly invaded sub-Antarctic islands with no trees
The ground beetle Merizodus soledadinus is a generalist predator originating Patagonia and accidentally introduced in 1913 in one of the most isolated places on Earth, the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands. There, this flightless insect has invaded hypersaline strand lines and now inland habitats, causing local extinctions of invertebrates soon after its arrival in new sites. While its invasion has long been studied, little is known about its distribution and preferred habitats in the native range. It was first described from the Malvinas and Tierra del Fuego, but a field survey showed that populations can be found on mainland South America, further inland and northward than initially thought, where they most often thrive in the litter of Nothofagus sp. trees. This finding raised a number of questions on the factors and traits that facilitate the success of this non-cosmopolitan species in such contrasted conditions, from Patagonian forests to hypersaline habitats invaded in treeless islands. The good match between this voracious beetle and the endemic prey communities it encountered on Kerguelen is likely allowed by its broad opportunistic diet, high starvation resistance and high physiological plasticity. Its survival in inter-tidal areas is permitted by a high salinity tolerance, which is hard to reconcile with forest habitats discovered in Patagonia, questioning whether this insect first transitioned from forests to coastlines in native Patagonia or the opposite. Spatial sorting is now shaping eco-evolutionary dynamics on Kerguelen, ultimately accelerating the spread with climate change, and its persistence in areas where native prey are already impacted is secured by other invasions (invasional meltdown).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mathieu Laparie) 15 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03643496v1
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[hal-03530621] Characterization of the habitats colonized by the alien ground beetle Merizodus soledadinus at the Kerguelen islands
In the present work, we conducted a field-based study to identify the type of habitats colonized by the alien ground beetle Merizodus soledadinus at the Kerguelen Islands, southern Indian Ocean, and to delineate the spatial dynamics of this species. We used periodic trapping at several coastal habitats on Ile Haute (one of the islands from the Kerguelen archipelago), together with opportunistic active searches at other locations on this subantarctic archipelago. A total of 1081 sites were visited. Our data showed that adult M. soledadinus were mostly found near the tide drift line (372/540 obs., i.e., 69 %) in various habitats, including (1) in the foreshore under timber, (2) beneath stones in coastal areas near penguin colonies, and (3) in herbfields and meadows. It was previously assumed that the habitat distribution of this species was restricted to the herbfields of coastal areas, with our inland observations showing that M. soledadinus (265/541 obs., i.e. 49 %) occupied areas (1) in the vicinity of cushion-carpets, (2) along rivers and ponds beneath stones or mammal carrion, and (3) in fell-fields that contained plant patches (Azorella selago, Colobanthus kerguelensis, or Lycopodium magellanicum and/or bryophytes). Our study is expected to facilitate the implementation of biosecurity measures to mitigate accidental introduction of M. soledadinus to pristine areas that it has not yet colonized.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (David Renault) 17 Jan 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03530621v1
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[hal-01603661] Thermal variability and insects ecology : effects of fluctuating thermal regimes on Drosophila melanogaste
Thermal variability and insects ecology : effects of fluctuating thermal regimes on Drosophila melanogaste. 12. Meeting Ecology and Behaviour
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marion Javal) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01603661v1
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[hal-01371831] Uncovering the benefits of fluctuating thermal regimes on cold tolerance of drosophila flies by combined metabolomic and lipidomic approach
When exposed to constant low temperatures (CLTs), insects often suffer from cumulative physiological injuries that can severely compromise their fitness and survival. Yet, mortality can be considerably lowered when the cold stress period is interrupted by periodic warm interruption(s), referred to as fluctuating thermal regimes, FTRs. In this study, we have shown that FTRs strongly promoted cold tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster adults. We then assessed whether this marked phenotypic shift was associated with detectable physiological changes, such as synthesis of cryoprotectants and/or membrane remodeling. To test these hypotheses, we conducted two different time-series Omics analyzes in adult flies submitted to CLTs vs. FTRs: metabolomics (GC/MS) and lipidomics (LC/ESI/MS) targeting membrane phospholipids. We observed increasing levels in several polyhydric alcohols (arabitol, erythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol), sugars (fructose, mannose) and amino acids (serine, alanine, glutamine) in flies under CLT. Prolonged exposure to low temperature was also associated with a marked deviation of metabolic homeostasis and warm interruptions as short as 2 h were sufficient to periodically return the metabolic system to functionality. Lipidomics revealed an increased relative proportion of phosphatidylethanolamines and a shortening of fatty acyl chains in flies exposed to cold, likely to compensate for the ordering effect of low temperature on membranes. We found a remarkable correspondence in the time-course of changes between the metabolic and phospholipids networks, both suggesting a fast homeostatic regeneration during warm intervals under FTRs. In consequence, we suggest that periodic opportunities to restore system-wide homeostasis contribute to promote cold tolerance under FTRs. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hervé Colinet) 27 May 2020
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01371831v1
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[hal-02487614] Effet bénéfique des régimes thermiques fluctuants sur la survie au froid des insectes : exploration des mécanismes sous-jacents
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hervé Colinet) 21 Feb 2020
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-02487614v1
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[hal-02489654] Metabolomic responses to thermal acclimation in a subpolar carabid beetle currently invading sub-Antarctic islands
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (David Renault) 24 Feb 2020
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-02489654v1
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[hal-01696977] Environmental Adaptations, Ecological Filtering, and Dispersal Central to Insect Invasions
Insect invasions, the establishment and spread of nonnative insects in new regions, can have extensive economic and environmental consequences. Increased global connectivity accelerates rates of introductions, while climate change may decrease the barriers to invader species' spread. We follow an individual-level insect- and arachnid-centered perspective to assess how the process of invasion is influenced by phenotypic heterogeneity associated with dispersal and stress resistance, and their coupling, across the multiple steps of the invasion process. We also provide an overview and synthesis on the importance of environmental filters during the entire invasion process for the facilitation or inhibition of invasive insect population spread. Finally, we highlight important research gaps and the relevance and applicability of ongoing natural range expansions in the context of climate change to gain essential mechanistic insights into insect invasions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (D Renault) 30 Jan 2018
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01696977v1
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[hal-01654276] New insights into the ecology of Merizodus soledadinus, a predatory carabid beetle invading the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands
Our knowledge of the main determinants of invasion success is still incomplete. Among these factors, the effects of biological traits, including fecundity, longevity and dispersal in newly colonised regions, are pivotal. However, while numerous studies have considered ecological and evolutionary impacts of non-native species, their biology often remains understudied. Despite the continuous geographic expansion of Merizodus soledadinus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) at the Kerguelen Islands over recent decades, the main life-history parameters of this species are unknown. We determined adult longevity under controlled conditions, monitored seasonal activity through pitfall trappings, and analysed temporal variations of egg load and body reserves in field-collected individuals. Themedian adult life span (LT50) was 241 days, with maximum longevity of 710 days (N = 500). Females carriedeggs throughout the year (8.94 ± 3.56 eggs per female), and it was not possible to pinpoint any clear egg-layingperiod. Year-round trappings demonstrated continuous activity of adults over seasons, with a peak during the austral summer that may arguably be associated with higher temperatures. Body stores (glycogen and proteins) did not vary significantly through the year, suggesting that adults feed continuously despite different prey availability between summer and winter, possibly via diet shifts. The amount of triglycerides increased at onset of summer, which may be associated with higher summer locomotor activity and/or more intense predation and reproduction.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (T. Ouisse) 03 Dec 2017
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01654276v1
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[hal-01475827] Impact of fluctuating thermal regimes on Drosophila melanogaster survival to cold stress
Temperature directly affects survival, development and reproduction in insects and thereby it is a key environmental driver for geographic distribution and population dynamics. This study aims at testing the survival of Drosophila melanogaster under constant low temperatures (CLTs) (2, 3, 4, and 5°C) vs. fluctuating thermal regimes (FTRs). In the latter, the cold stress period was interrupted daily by 2 h pulses at 20°C. Since acclimation enhances cold tolerance, we tested whether benefits of acclimation can combine with those of FTRs. Since D. melanogaster overwinters as non-reproductive adults, we tested if actively reproducing adults are more susceptible to cold stress than virgin females thathave a much reduced reproductive activity. The results show that short interruptions of cold stress enhanced survival of adult flies. Survival was time- and temperature-dependent. Prior acclimation to low temperature allowed flies to better cope with cold stress under CLTs. On the other hand, acclimated flies did not profit from the benefits of FTRs and even showed lower survival under FTRs, probably because flies deacclimated during the periodic warm intervals. Gravid females were overall less cold tolerant than virgin females, and both survived better under FTRs. Cold survival at pupal stage was much lower than at adult stage, and no clear benefit of FTR was observed in this life stage. Our study highlights critical variables to take into account when designing experiments of prolonged exposure to low temperature in insects.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marion Javal) 24 Feb 2017
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01475827v1
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[hal-01328985] Wing morphology of the active flyer Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) during its invasion of a sub-Antarctic archipelago where insect flightlessness is the rule
The cosmopolitan blowfly Calliphora vicina became established in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands in the late 1970s, following a warming period that allowed its full development. Although temperature and wind may limit flight activity, the fly invaded the archipelago, reaching sites remote from the introduction point. Most native competitors have converged to flightlessness as a response to stringent environmental conditions and therefore the flight strategy of C. vicina might be either a handicap or a competitive advantage under ongoing climate change. Using geometric morphometrics, we investigated whether the wing had changed over time in C. vicina within the archipelago (1998 vs. 2009) and compared its morphology with that of a continental population from a temperate area (1983 vs. 2009). Wing shape plasticity to temperature was also experimentally investigated. We found no clues of relaxed selection on flight morphology in the range invaded. However, rapid changes of wing shape occurred over time in females from the Kerguelen Islands compared with both males and females of the continental population, despite a shorter time-lag between samples in the former. The thermal reaction norms for wing shape found for C. vicina from Kerguelen were also different from those of the continental population, but it remains unknown whether this resulted from or preceded the introduction. These combined findings are consistent with a fingerprint of local adaptation in the invasive population. However, the adaptive significance of the changes, in terms of their aerodynamic consequences and the future evolution of C. vicina in the Kerguelen Islands, requires further investigation. From an evolutionary standpoint, sustaining flight capability under the novel sub-Antarctic conditions might be critical to the invasive success of C. vicina as most competitors are flightless.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mathieu Laparie) 08 Jun 2016
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01328985v1
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[hal-01255879] Physiological responses to temperature in Merizodus soledadinus (Col., Carabidae), a subpolar carabid beetle invading sub-Antarctic islands
Recent human activities and rising air temperature have increased the vulnerability of sub-Antarctic islands to alien species. At the Kerguelen Islands, the predaceous ground beetle Merizodus soledadinus is the only invasive insect originating from the southern cold temperate area (native from Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands). This austral origin raises the question of the limits of its physiological tolerance and capability to withstand (1) global change and (2) warmer climates of archipelagos where its accidental transportation could be facilitated from the Kerguelen Islands (namely Amsterdam and Saint Paul). Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry metabolomics, we compared metabotypes of adults exposed to different temperatures (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 °C). All individuals survived after 2 weeks regardless of the temperature they were exposed to. The physiological changes observed were consistent with increased metabolic rate at increased temperatures, without extreme metabotypes that are characteristic of acute stress. First cues of sublethal stress were observed after prolonged exposure to 20 °C, a warm regime unrealistic for such duration in sub-Antarctic Islands. Overall, M. soledadinus’ thermal tolerance exceeded temperatures currently experienced in nature, suggesting that climate warming may boost its invasion by eliciting its activity and broadening habitat suitability in both invaded and still pristine islands. This thermal tolerance may allow survival aboard ships and development in sub-Antarctic islands with conditions warmer than the Kerguelen Islands, such as Amsterdam and St Paul. Stringent biosecurity measures are thus needed to prevent transfer from Kerguelen to these islands. The native range of this predaceous beetle limited to the Falkland Islands and southernmost South America may be partly constrained by factors other than temperature, such as desiccation, predation or competition
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (M. Laparie) 14 Jan 2016
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01255879v1
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[hal-01255878] Comparative salinity tolerance in native flies from the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands: a metabolomic approach
The quasi-extirpation of the cabbage Pringlea antiscorbutica in some locations at the Kerguelen Islands has large impacts on the distribution of the native fly Calycopteryx moseleyi. This insect has long been supposed as being subordinant to P. antiscorbutica until both larvae and adults were observed under seaweed in littoral margins. Physiological plasticity to saline conditions is expected in C. moseleyi, and metabolic rearrangements in salt-exposed specimens should thus be similar between individuals from cabbages and seaweeds. Individuals of C. moseleyi from non-saline (cabbages) and saline (seaweeds) habitats were experimentally subjected to different salinities (0, 35, 70 practical salinity units) and compared to the widely distributed native Anatalanta aptera flies that coexist with C. moseleyi under the seaweeds. A progressive drop of the survival and body water content was observed in C. moseleyi from cabbages exposed to increasing saline conditions. Body water contents remained similar at 35 and 70 practical salinity units in C. moseleyi from seaweeds, while it did not change over the whole saline gradient in A. aptera. Metabolic profiles revealed that both fly populations from the seaweeds accumulated compatible solutes in the form of alanine or glutamic acid when they were exposed to salinity. A distinct pattern was observed in C. moseleyi specimens from cabbages, whose metabolic profiles revealed a progressive loss of metabolic homoeostasis. We conclude that the C. moseleyi specimens from the cabbages and seaweeds differentiated, as also supported by their contrasted morphotypes, and that the limited salinity tolerance of individuals from cabbages may hinder their future expansion to seaweeds
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (D Renault) 14 Jan 2016
https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01255878v1
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[hal-03419963] Functional and taxonomic responses of tropical moth communities to deforestation
Global insect decline has recently become a cause for major concern, particularly in the tropics where the vast majority of species occurs. Deforestation is suggested as being a major driver of this decline, but how anthropogenic changes in landscape structure affect tropical insect communities has rarely been addressed. We sampled Saturniidae and Sphingidae moths on 27 farms located in Brazilian Amazonia (Para state) and characterised by different deforestation histories. We used functional traits (forewing length, body mass, wing load, trophic niche breadth and resource use strategy), analysed by combining RLQ and null model analyses, to investigate the responses of their taxonomic and functional diversity to landscape change dynamics and current structure. We found that communities had a higher proportion of large and polyphagous species with low wing load in landscapes with low forest quality and relative cover and high land use turnover. This was mainly due to a significant response to deforestation by saturniids, whereas the more mobile sphingids showed no significant landscape-related pattern. We also observed an overall increase of species richness and functional dispersion in landscapes that have been deforested for a long time when compared with more recent agricultural settlements. Our results highlight the complex way in which landscape structure and historical dynamics interact to shape Neotropical moth communities and that saturniid moths respond clearly to the structure of the surrounding landscape, confirming their potential use as an indicator group for environmental monitoring programmes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Yenny Correa‐carmona) 30 Apr 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03419963v1
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[hal-04236301] The evolutionary history of capital-breeding moths through the lens of wild silkmoths (Saturniidae) phylogenomics
Wild silkmoths (Saturniidae) are large capital-breeding insects with non-feeding adults that have short lifespan entirely devoted to reproduction. They exhibit a dazzling diversity of sizes, forms, and life-histories inviting questions about the role that key traits may have played in spurring out species diversification and biogeographical movements in organisms with such extreme reproductive strategy. Yet, the absence of a robust phylogenetic framework based on comprehensive taxonomic sampling impedes our understanding of their evolutionary history. We analyzed 1,024 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and their flanking regions to infer the relationships among 338 species of Saturniidae representing all subfamilies, tribes, and genera. We performed dating and historical biogeographic analyses to reconstruct their evolutionary history in space and time. Rather unexpectedly for a taxonomically well-known family such as Saturniidae, the alignment of taxonomic divisions and ranks with our phylogenetic results led us to propose substantial rearrangements of the family classification. Saturniids most likely originated in the Neotropics, shortly after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event (ca 64.0-52.0 Ma). Old World lineages stemmed from two independent colonization events during the Eocene, presumably through the Bering-Land-Bridge. Extant subfamilies showed limited mobility across biogeographical regions, except for Saturniinae, a subfamily now present on all continents but Antarctica. These results provide a framework for the integration of saturniid evolutionary history into further global studies of biodiversity and conservation, as well as for in-depth investigations of the spatial and temporal dynamics in all lineages and of the role that key innovations played in driving species diversification of these capital-breeding moths.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Rodolphe Rougerie) 10 Oct 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04236301v1
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[hal-04160992] Management options for non-native forest pests along their invasion pathways
Editorial of a special issue of Neobiota on "Conceptual and technical innovations to better manage invasions of alien pests and pathogens in forests
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hervé Jactel) 13 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04160992v1
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[hal-02661817] Quaternary history and contemporary patterns in a currently expanding species
Background Quaternary climatic oscillations had dramatic effects on species evolution. In northern latitudes, populations had to survive the coldest periods in refugial areas and recurrently colonized northern regions during interglacials. Such a history usually results in a loss of genetic diversity. Populations that did not experience glaciations, in contrast, probably maintained most of their ancestral genetic diversity. These characteristics dramatically affected the present-day distribution of genetic diversity and may influence the ability of species to cope with the current global changes. We conducted a range-wide study of mitochondrial genetic diversity in the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa/T. wilkinsoni complex, Notodontidae), a forest pest occurring around the Mediterranean Basin and in southern Europe. This species is responding to the current climate change by rapid natural range expansion and can also be accidentally transported by humans. Our aim was to assess if Quaternary climatic oscillations had a different effect across the species' range and to determine if genetic footprints of contemporary processes can be identified in areas of recent introduction. Results We identified three main clades that were spatially structured. In most of Europe, the genetic diversity pattern was typical for species that experienced marked glaciation cycles. Except in refugia, European populations were characterized by the occurrence of one main haplotype and by a strong reduction in genetic diversity, which is expected in regions that were rapidly re-colonized when climatic conditions improved. In contrast, all other sub-clades around the Mediterranean Basin occurred in limited parts of the range and were strongly structured in space, as is expected in regions in which the impact of glaciations was limited. In such places, genetic diversity was retained in most populations, and almost all haplotypes were endemic. This pattern was extreme on remote Mediterranean islands (Crete, Cyprus, Corsica) where highly differentiated, endemic haplotypes were found. Recent introductions were typified by the existence of closely-related haplotypes in geographically distant populations, which is difficult to detect in most of Europe because of a lack of overall genetic structure. Conclusion In regions that were not prone to marked glaciations, recent moth introductions/expansions could be detected due to the existence of a strong spatial genetic structure. In contrast, in regions that experienced the most intense Quaternary climatic oscillations, the natural populations are not genetically structured, and contemporary patterns of population expansion remain undetected.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Carole Kerdelhue) 31 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02661817v1
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[hal-02662104] The role of topography in structuring the demographic history of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)
Aim: We investigated the Quaternary history of the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, an oligophagous insect currently expanding its range. We tested the potential role played by mountain ranges during the post-glacial recolonization of western Europe. Location: Western Europe, with a focus on the Pyrenees, Massif Central and western Alps. Methods: Maternal genetic structure was investigated using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. We analysed 412 individuals from 61 locations and we performed maximum-likelihood and maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses, hierarchical analysis of molecular variance, and investigated signs of past expansion. Results: A strong phylogeographic pattern was found, with two deeply divergent clades. Surprisingly, these clades were not separated by the Pyrenees but rather were distributed from western to central Iberia and from eastern Iberia to the Italian peninsula, respectively. This latter group consisted of three shallowly divergent lineages that exhibited strong geographic structure and independent population expansions. The three identified lineages occurred: (1) on both sides of the Pyrenean range, with more genetically diverse populations in the east, (2) from eastern Iberia to western France, with a higher genetic diversity in the south, and (3) from the western Massif Central to Italy. Admixture areas were found at the foot of the Pyrenees and Massif Central. Main conclusions: The identified genetic lineages were geographically structured, but surprisingly the unsuitable high elevation areas of the main mountainous ranges were not responsible for the spatial separation of genetic groups. Rather than acting as barriers to dispersal, mountains appear to have served as refugia during the Pleistocene glaciations, and current distributions largely reflect expansion from these bottlenecked refugial populations. The western and central Iberian clade did not contribute to the northward post-glacial recolonization of Europe. Yet, its northern limit does not correspond to the Pyrenees. The different contributions of the identified refugia to post-glacial expansion might be explained by differences in host plant species richness. For example, the Pyrenean lineage could have been trapped elevationally by tracking montane pines, while the eastern Iberian lineage could have expanded latitudinally by tracking thermophilic lowland pine species.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jérôme Rousselet) 31 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02662104v1
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[hal-02661793] Phylogeography of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni in the Near East
Phylogeographic structure of the eastern pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni was explored in this study by means of nested clade phylogeographic analyses of COI and COII sequences of mitochondrial DNA and Bayesian estimates of divergence times. Intraspecific relationships were inferred and hypotheses tested to understand historical spread patterns and spatial distribution of genetic variation. Analyses revealed that all T. wilkinsoni sequences were structured in three clades, which were associated with two major biogeographic events, the colonization of the island of Cyprus and the separation of southwestern and southeastern Anatolia during the Pleistocene. Genetic variation in populations of T. wilkinsoni was also investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphisms and four microsatellite loci. Contrasting nuclear with mitochondrial data revealed recurrent gene flow between Cyprus and the mainland, related to the long-distance male dispersal. In addition, a reduction in genetic variability was observed at both mitochondrial and nuclear markers at the expanding boundary of the range, consistent with a recent origin of these populations, founded by few individuals expanding from nearby localities. In contrast, several populations fixed for one single mitochondrial haplotype showed no reduction in nuclear variability, a pattern that can be explained by recurrent male gene flow or selective sweeps at the mitochondrial level. The use of both mitochondrial and nuclear markers was essential in understanding the spread patterns and the population genetic structure of T. wilkinsoni , and is recommended to study colonizing species characterized by sex-biased dispersal
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mauro Simonato) 31 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02661793v1
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[hal-02799280] Climate Warming and Past and Present Distribution of the Processionary Moths (Thaumetopoea spp.) in Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa
Pine processionary moth, Thaumetopea pityocampa, is a model insect indicator of global warming, the northwards and upwards range expansion of this Mediterranean species being directly associated with the recent warming up. The knowledge about the drivers of moth expansion is synthesized. A first standardized mapping of the northern expansion edge, from Western Europe to Turkey, is presented, then detailed for 20 countries of Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa, including future trends. Additional data about the responses of the other Thaumetopoea species are given. Finally, the chapter points out the importance of the man-mediated introductions in the expansion process.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alain Roques) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02799280v1
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[hal-02743183] DNA metabarcoding of saproxylic beetles—streamlining species identification for large-scale forest biomonitoring
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Rodolphe Rougerie) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02743183v1
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[hal-01605515] Rediscovery of the endangered species Harpalus flavescens (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the Loire River
1. The Loire River is one of the last European large rivers with important sediment dynamics and numerous sandbanks. The extraction of sediment from the riverbed during decades and the construction of levees for flood prevention have strongly affected and shaped the biodiversity of the Loire River. 2. Many species from pioneer riverbanks have been impacted with particular consequences for psammophilous insects. The ground beetle Harpalus (Acardystus) flavescens (Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783), is considered to have disappeared from the Middle Loire River for 40 years and is endangered everywhere in Europe. 3. In 2012 and 2013, we recorded two specimens of H. flavescens in Region Centre-Val de Loire (France), in the course of a survey dedicated to evaluating the impact of fluvial maintenance operations upon sediment and biodiversity dynamics. 4. The presence of H. flavescens may be linked to the interruption of riverbed extractions and the vegetation removal of sandbanks of the Loire River (ecosystem restoration).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Olivier Denux) 25 May 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01605515v1
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[hal-03605921] Modelling the dispersal of Monochamus galloprovincialis, the vector of the pine wood nematode, and assessing the effectiveness of clear-cutting measures
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Robinet) 11 Mar 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03605921v1
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[hal-02370066] The rapid spread of Leptoglossus occidentalis in Europe: a bridgehead invasion
Retracing the routes of invasions and determining the origins of invading species is often critical in understanding biological invasions. The Western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis, an insect native of western North America, was first accidentally introduced to eastern North America and then to Europe. The colonization of the entire European continent occurred in ca. 10–15 years, probably promoted by independent introductions in different parts of Europe. A multi-marker approach (mtDNA and microsatellites) combined with approximate Bayesian computation analyses was used to track the origin of European populations and to determine whether this rapid invasion was caused by multiple introductions. Our results show that at least two independent introductions of L. occidentalis have occurred in Europe. Moreover, the analyses showed a stronger genetic similarity of European invasive populations with the eastern North American populations than with those of the native range, suggesting that invasive North American population acted as a bridgehead for European invasion. The results also revealed that natural dispersal as well as human-mediated transportations as hitchhikers probably enhanced the rapid spread of this invasive pest across Europe. This study illustrates the complexity of a rapid invasion and confirms that bridgehead and multiple introductions have serious implications for the success of invasion.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Vincent Lesieur) 15 Sep 2020
https://hal.science/hal-02370066v1
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[hal-02787980] Traçage des routes d’invasion d’un insecte ravageur polyphage : le cas du capricorne asiatique Anoplophora glabripennis
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (M. Javal) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02787980v1
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[hal-02740376] Modelling the dispersal of Monochamus galloprovincialis, the vector of the pine wood nematode, and assessing the effectiveness of clear-cutting measures
Following the detection of a pine wood nematode outbreak, Implementing Decision 2012/535/EU imposes eradication measures for at least four years, mainly consisting of the establishment of: i) clear-cuts with a radius of 500 m around the infested plants and ii) intensive surveillance within a radius varying from 6 to 20 km around the infested zone. To estimate the effectiveness of these measures, a simulation model was developed and calibrated using experimental data specifying the dispersal capabilities of the insect vector Monochamus galloprovincialis. These data were obtained in the laboratory (on a flight mill) and in natura (mark-and-recapture experiments) in the context of the Landes de Gascogne forest (David, 2014 and David et al., 2014), one of the forest areas most exposed to the risk of introduction of the pine wood nematode in France. The simulations that were then carried out under different scenarios (preventive or curative) showed that the clear-cuts currently requested by European and French regulations would not be effective in a landscape configuration of continuous plantations of maritime pine. Indeed, with the recommended radius of 500 m, at best 11% of nematode transmissions by the insect vector would be avoided. Moreover, to obtain a pine wood nematode transmission rate lower than 0.1%, it would be necessary to implement clear-cuts with a radius of 15 - 38 km (Anses, 2015). These simulations, carried out in the context of a continuous forest, should however be supplemented by a scenario involving highly fragmented pine forests. In this regard, it would be interesting to include biological data from Spanish forest managers, as they are directly involved in implementing nematode eradication measures in this type of landscape. Alternative management measures to control the spread of the pine wood nematode were also assessed by the Working Group.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Robinet) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02740376v1
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[hal-02740241] Assessing the effectiveness of clear cutting in eradicating the pine wood nematode
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Robinet) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02740241v1
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[hal-02622945] Deciphering the worldwide invasion of the Asian long-horned beetle: A recurrent invasion process from the native area together with a bridgehead effect
Retracing introduction routes is crucial for understanding the evolutionary processes involved in an invasion, as well as for highlighting the invasion history of a species at the global scale. The Asian long-horned beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis is a xylophagous pest native to Asia and invasive in North America and Europe. It is responsible for severe losses of urban trees, in both its native and invaded ranges. Based on historical and genetic data, several hypotheses have been formulated concerning its invasion history, including the possibility of multiple introductions from the native zone and secondary dispersal within the invaded areas, but none have been formally tested. In this study, we characterized the genetic structure of ALB in both its native and invaded ranges using microsatellites. In order to test different invasion scenarios, we used an approximate Bayesian "random forest" algorithm together with traditional population genetics approaches. The strong population differentiation observed in the native area was not geographically structured, suggesting complex migration events that were probably human-mediated. Both native and invasive populations had low genetic diversity, but this characteristic did not prevent the success of the ALB invasions. Our results highlight the complexity of invasion pathways for insect pests. Specifically, our findings indicate that invasive species might be repeatedly introduced from their native range, and they emphasize the importance of multiple, human-mediated introductions in successful invasions. Finally, our results demonstrate that invasive species can spread across continents following a bridgehead path, in which an invasive population may have acted as a source for another invasion.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marion Javal) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02622945v1
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[hal-02625363] Promises and challenges in insect-plant interactions
There is tremendous diversity of interactions between plants and other species. These relationships range from antagonism to mutualism. Interactions of plants with members of their ecological community can lead to a profound metabolic reconfiguration of the plants’ physiology. This reconfiguration can favour beneficial organisms and deter antagonists like pathogens or herbivores. Determining the cellular and molecular dialogue between plants, microbes, and insects, and its ecological and evolutionary implications is important for understanding the options for each partner to adopt an adaptive response to its biotic environment. Moving forward, understanding how such ecological interactions are shaped by environmental change and how we potentially mitigate deleterious effects will be increasingly important. The development of integrative multidisciplinary approaches may provide new solutions to the major ecological and societal issues ahead of us. The rapid evolution of technology provides valuable tools and opens up novel ways to test hypotheses that were previously unanswerable, but requires that scientists master these tools, understand potential ethical problems flowing from their implementation, and train new generations of biologists with diverse technical skills. Here, we provide brief perspectives and discuss future promise and challenges for research on insect–plant interactions building on the 16th International Symposium on Insect–Plant interactions (SIP) meeting that was held in Tours, France (2–6 July 2017). Talks, posters, and discussions are distilled into key research areas in insect–plant interactions, highlighting the current state of the field and major challenges, and future directions for both applied and basic research.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (David Giron) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02625363v1
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[hal-04672656] Building integrated plant health surveillance: a proactive research agenda for anticipating and mitigating disease and pest emergence
In an era marked by rapid global changes, the reinforcement and modernization of plant health surveillance systems have become imperative. Sixty-five scientists present here a research agenda for an enhanced and modernized plant health surveillance to anticipate and mitigate disease and pest emergence. Our approach integrates a wide range of scientific fields (from life, social, physical and engineering sciences) and identifies the key knowledge gaps, focusing on anticipation, risk assessment, early detection, and multi-actor collaboration. The research directions we propose are organized around four complementary thematic axes. The first axis is the anticipation of pest emergence, encompassing innovative forecasting, adaptive potential, and the effects of climatic and cropping system changes. The second axis addresses the use of versatile broad-spectrum surveillance tools, including molecular or imaging diagnostics supported by artificial intelligence, and monitoring generic matrices such as air and water. The third axis focuses on surveillance of known pests from new perspectives, i.e., using novel approaches to detect known species but also anticipating and detecting, within a species, the populations or genotypes that pose a higher risk. The fourth axis advocates the management of plant health as a commons through the establishment of multi-actor and cooperative surveillance systems for long-term data-driven alert systems and information dissemination. We stress the importance of integrating data and information from multiple sources through open science databases and metadata, alongside developing methods for interpolating and extrapolating incomplete data. Finally, we advocate an Integrated Health Surveillance approach in the One Health context, favoring tailored and versatile solutions to plant health problems and recognizing the interconnected risks to the health of plants, humans, animals and the environment, including food insecurity, pesticide residues, environmental pollution and alterations of ecosystem services.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (S. Soubeyrand) 26 Aug 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04672656v1
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[hal-04175412] The fast invasion of Europe by the box tree moth: an additional example coupling multiple introduction events, bridgehead effects and admixture events
Identifying the invasion routes of non-native species is crucial to understanding invasions and customizing management strategies. The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis , is native to Asia and was recently accidentally introduced into Europe as a result of the ornamental plant trade. Over the last 15 years, it has spread across the continent and has reached the Caucasus and Iran. It is threatening Buxus trees in both urban areas and forests. To investigate the species’ invasion routes, native and invasive box tree moth populations were sampled, and moth’s genetic diversity and structure were compared using microsatellite markers. Our approximate Bayesian computation analyses strongly suggest that invasion pathways were complex. Primary introductions originating from eastern China probably occurred independently twice in Germany and once in the Netherlands. There were also possibly bridgehead effects, where at least three invasive populations may have served as sources for other invasive populations within Europe, with indication of admixture between the two primary invasive populations. The bridgehead populations were likely those in the countries that play a major role in the ornamental plant trade in Europe, notably Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy. All these invasion processes likely facilitated its fast expansion across Europe and illustrate the role played by the ornamental plant trade not only in the moth’s introduction from China but also in the species’ spread across Europe, leading to an invasion with a complex pattern.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Audrey Bras) 02 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04175412v1
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[hal-02542093] Effectiveness of clear‐cuttings in non‐fragmented pine forests in relation to EU regulations for the eradication of the pine wood nematode
The invasive pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most serious threats to pine forests across the world. Detected in Europe in 1999, it has largely spread despite containment measures. Following the European Union regulations, the requested eradication measure is to fell, remove and dispose of all susceptible plants within a clear-cut zone (CCZ) of a radius of 500 m around any infected tree. This measure is controversial since its effectiveness is questioned. An individual-based model, describing the dispersal of the nematode vector and the nematode transmission,was used to estimate the relationship between the radius and the effectiveness of the CCZ at eradicatingthe PWN.. Clear-cutting of a 500 m-radius is poorly effective in non-fragmented pine forests since it reduces the number of PWN transmissions by only 0.6 % 11.5 %. To significantly reduce the number of transmissions, the radius should be between 14 and 38 km, which is obviously not technically nor ethically feasible. Policy implications. Our results, based on model simulations at a fine spatial scale,prove that clear-cutting susceptible trees 500 m around any infested tree –as requested by EU regulation to eradicate the pine wood nematode –is not effective in large and continuous pine forests. Instead, strengthened surveillance and sanitation felling could be explored.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Robinet) 14 Apr 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02542093v1
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[hal-03626770] Les stratégies de gestion de la pyrale du buis
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jérôme Rousselet) 31 Mar 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03626770v1
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[hal-04277094] Invasion risk of the pine wood nematode in France
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Robinet) 09 Nov 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04277094v1
